Introduction to Molecular Biology and Diagnostics
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Questions and Answers

Which field of study focuses on the chemical composition and properties of living matter?

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry (correct)

    • Which aspect is studied under Genetics?

  • Structure and function of nucleic acids
  • Functions and factors related to heredity (correct)
  • Physical properties of cells
  • Chemical reactions in living organisms

    • What is the primary purpose of Molecular Biology in the context of biotechnology?

  • Examining nucleic acids from genes to proteins (correct)
  • Studying isotopes
  • Understanding cell regulations
  • Analyzing the wave-like nature of light

    • Which of the following studies the smallest units of matter and their physical properties?

    <p>Quantum Mechanics/Biophysics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isotopes are defined as members of an element family that share what characteristic?

    <p>Same number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the central dogma of Molecular Biology, what is a primary application mentioned?

    <p>Production of biomarkers and vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number represent in atomic science?

    <p>Sum of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do covalent bonds primarily involve?

    <p>Sharing of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation involves a change that does not affect the amino acid sequence?

    <p>Silent mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inherited disorder requires two copies of a mutated gene for the disease to manifest?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition is an example of aneuploidy?

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inheritance pattern would cause a male to be affected if he carries a mutation on his single X chromosome?

    <p>X-linked recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a missense mutation?

    <p>A different amino acid is produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as an autosomal dominant disorder?

    <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates DNA replication?

    <p>Origin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is an example of an X-linked dominant disorder?

    <p>Vitamin D-resistant rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of strand displacement in loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)?

    <p>To ensure all primers bind to the target gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature range is optimal for conducting LAMP?

    <p>60–65°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue does increasing the primer concentration in PCR typically lead to?

    <p>Nonspecific bands in agarose gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for faint bands in agarose gel during PCR?

    <p>Excessive primer concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase in transcription-based amplification?

    <p>To generate numerous RNA transcripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ligase chain reaction amplify a target DNA sequence?

    <p>Through oligonucleotide ligation using thermostable ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does decreasing the annealing temperature have in a PCR reaction?

    <p>It causes non-specific binding of primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is specifically required for conducting LAMP but is not needed in classical PCR?

    <p>High strand displacement activity polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Taqman system in PCR?

    <p>To use a specific nucleic acid probe for detecting target DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT included in the PCR mastermix?

    <p>Gel electrophoresis buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the denaturation step of PCR?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between DNA strands are disrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperature range is typically used for the annealing step in PCR?

    <p>50 to 65 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do primers play in the PCR process?

    <p>They bind to template strands at the 3' end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which step does DNA polymerase actively elongate new DNA strands?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of MgCl2 in the PCR mastermix?

    <p>It stabilizes DNA polymerase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control is important to include during PCR experiments?

    <p>Positive, negative, and blank controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA homologous recombination?

    <p>To break and recombine DNA segments for new allele combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interactions is NOT considered a noncovalent bond?

    <p>Covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hyperchromic' refer to in the context of DNA?

    <p>Increased light absorption during denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrate in the 1950s?

    <p>DNA is the genetic material in viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modification occurs at the 5' end of the RNA transcript during processing?

    <p>Capping with 7-methylguanosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature distinguishes mRNA from tRNA?

    <p>tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes during translation?

    <p>To provide a site for amino acid assembly into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sequences describes the prokaryotic promoter sequence at position -10?

    <p>5'-TATAAT-3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the contribution of Franklin and Wilkins in the study of DNA?

    <p>They provided evidence for the helical structure of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the removal of non-coding segments from the RNA transcript?

    <p>Intron removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the human genome is accurate?

    <p>30% of the genome is comprised of gene-related sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the poly-A tail added to the 3' end of the eukaryotic RNA transcript?

    <p>Inhibit degradation by nucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for transcription in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>RNA Pol II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During RNA processing, which statement is true regarding the splicing process?

    <p>Exons are joined together after intron removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Shine-Dalgarno sequence play in prokaryotic translation?

    <p>Initiation complex formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is comparable in functionality to DNA polymerase during transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA polymerase in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>To synthesize new DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA polymerase is responsible for synthesizing mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>RNA polymerase II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of science focuses on the study of genes and heredity?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eukaryotic DNA replication from prokaryotic DNA replication?

    <p>Eukaryotes use multiple DNA polymerases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'isotope' refer to in atomic science?

    <p>Atoms with different mass numbers but the same atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Molecular Biology applications in health?

    <p>Production of biomarkers and vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA topoisomerase during DNA replication?

    <p>To relieve supercoiling tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field studies the structure and function of cells?

    <p>Cell Biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known action of Acyclovir in the context of viral replication?

    <p>It acts as a chain terminator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the function of biochemistry?

    <p>Examination of chemical processes in living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of quantum mechanics in relation to biology?

    <p>Exploring the physical properties of matter on a subatomic level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number of an atom represent?

    <p>Sum of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a focus of Molecular Biology?

    <p>Physical properties of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab?

    <p>Inhibits HER2 homodimerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does warfarin affect the body's vitamin K?

    <p>Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism through which clopidogrel acts?

    <p>Inhibits platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes DNA homologous recombination?

    <p>It allows for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'hyperchromic' indicate regarding DNA?

    <p>It signifies the melting of double-stranded DNA under high temperatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug is carbamazepine primarily used as?

    <p>An anticonvulsant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of paracetamol on the central nervous system?

    <p>Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of Watson and Crick in molecular biology?

    <p>They proposed the helical structure of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of translation involves the interaction with both mRNA and ribosomes?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the BCR/ABL gene rearrangement play in chronic myelogenous leukemia?

    <p>Produces a protein that suppresses apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amplification method uses signal-based detection like luminescence?

    <p>Branched DNA amplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Hershey-Chase experiment primarily illustrate?

    <p>That DNA is the genetic material in viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the types of RNA based on their functions?

    <p>Messenger RNA serves as a template for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology is CRISPR/Cas9 primarily used for?

    <p>Gene editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of the DNA X-ray diffraction technique used by Franklin and Wilkins?

    <p>To determine the three-dimensional structure of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately represents the organization of the human genome?

    <p>Approximately 30% of the genome is gene-related sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of reverse transcriptase?

    <p>To synthesize DNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does telomerase play in cellular replication?

    <p>It adds telomeres to chromosome ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome if telomerase is absent during cell replication?

    <p>Gradual shortening of chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of NRTI used to inhibit reverse transcriptase?

    <p>Zidovudine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for catalyzing RNA synthesis in RNA viruses?

    <p>RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the inability of primase to lay down a primer at the end of a chromosome?

    <p>Shorter lagging strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of nucleoside RT inhibitors like Zidovudine in viral therapy?

    <p>To prevent viral RNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does telomerase affect cellular aging?

    <p>It delays cellular aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which step of PCR does the enzyme-driven DNA replication occur?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does MgCl2 serve in the PCR mastermix?

    <p>Increases the efficiency of DNA polymerase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature range is used for the annealing step in PCR?

    <p>50 to 65 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the PCR mastermix is specifically responsible for the amplification of DNA?

    <p>Taq polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls should be included to ensure the reliability of PCR results?

    <p>Positive, negative, and amplification controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of PCR, what is meant by 'quenching' in the Taqman system?

    <p>Decreasing the fluorescence of one dye by another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the denaturation step of PCR?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds between template strands are disrupted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does helicase play during DNA replication?

    <p>It unwinds the double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is an RNA primer necessary for DNA replication?

    <p>It provides a starting point for DNA polymerase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the leading strand during DNA replication?

    <p>It is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Okazaki fragments?

    <p>Discontinuous segments of the lagging strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for linking Okazaki fragments together?

    <p>Ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize new DNA strands?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of topoisomerase during DNA replication?

    <p>To relieve strain ahead of the replication fork.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes the building blocks for DNA synthesis?

    <p>dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic alteration is associated with follicular B-cell lymphoma?

    <p>t(14;18) translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the BCL2 protein affect B cells in follicular lymphoma?

    <p>Inhibits programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins?

    <p>Repair of faulty DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrate about DNA?

    <p>DNA is the genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA is characterized as hyperchromic?

    <p>Denatured DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does the overexpression of the BCL2 protein have on B-cell survival?

    <p>It promotes cancer cell proliferation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of DNA homologous recombination?

    <p>To produce new combinations of alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes BCL2's mechanism?

    <p>It binds to pro-apoptotic proteins to inhibit them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During translation, what is the role of tRNA?

    <p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic change is the t(14;18) translocation classified as?

    <p>Balanced translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional consequence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

    <p>Faulty DNA repair mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the human genome is accurate regarding gene-related sequences?

    <p>30% of the human genome consists of gene-related sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which refers to the structural feature of mRNA that distinguishes it from tRNA?

    <p>The presence of a poly-A tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism leads to the cancer-promoting effects of BCL2 in follicular lymphoma?

    <p>Inhibition of programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major contribution did Watson and Crick make to molecular biology?

    <p>They proposed the double helical structure of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the interaction of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes primarily facilitate?

    <p>Translation of genetic code into proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

    <p>To convert RNA into double-stranded DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromosomes without the action of telomerase?

    <p>Chromosomes gradually shorten with successive replications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following inhibitors specifically targets reverse transcriptase?

    <p>Zidovudine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase in RNA viruses?

    <p>To replicate RNA genomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the lagging strand requires telomeres to be added to chromosomes?

    <p>The lagging strand becomes shorter with 3’-overhang.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does telomerase function in the protection of genetic material during replication?

    <p>By synthesizing DNA at the ends of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of Remdesivir in relation to RNA viruses?

    <p>It causes chain termination in RNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pulsed-gel field electrophoresis?

    <p>To separate large DNA molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do restriction endonucleases play in molecular biology?

    <p>They cut DNA at specific sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of Sanger sequencing?

    <p>To add dNTPs to a growing DNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the experimental application of the complete PCR procedure?

    <p>Kary Mullis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process outlines the mechanisms for the Maxam-Gilbert sequencing technique?

    <p>Dimethylsulfate treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes recombinant DNA technology from other molecular techniques?

    <p>It involves the cloning of DNA inserts with vectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of polyadenylation in mRNA processing?

    <p>It enhances the stability and translation of mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using dideoxy (ddNTPs) in Sanger sequencing?

    <p>To terminate the DNA chain elongation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allowed for the advancement of PCR techniques in 1985?

    <p>The work of Kary Mullis at Cetus corporation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the binding of the initiator methionyl tRNA contribute to translation initiation?

    <p>It allows the mRNA to attach to the ribosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the anticodons of tRNAs that correspond to stop codons?

    <p>They do not exist in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of release factors during translation?

    <p>To recognize stop codons and terminate protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics interferes with peptidyl transferase during translation?

    <p>Chloramphenicol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do aminoacyl tRNA synthetases function in protein synthesis?

    <p>They charge tRNAs with their respective amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which direction does the ribosome move during translation?

    <p>5’ to 3’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a stop codon is reached during translation?

    <p>Release factors bind to the ribosome and terminate synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of reverse transcriptase in retroviral replication?

    <p>To convert single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromosomes in the absence of telomerase during replication?

    <p>Chromosomes gradually shorten with each replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) is mentioned for clinical use?

    <p>Zidovudine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase in RNA viruses?

    <p>To generate RNA from RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme plays a structural support role within reverse transcriptase?

    <p>p51</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause the lagging strand to be shorter after DNA replication?

    <p>Inability of primase to add a primer at the end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to premature senescence in cells related to chromosome replication?

    <p>Progressive shortening of telomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of termination does Remdesivir induce in RNA viruses?

    <p>Chain termination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of affinity chromatography?

    <p>Separation based on specific binding interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proteolytic enzyme targets basic/positively charged amino acids at the carboxy terminal?

    <p>Trypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During RNA isolation, which agent is used for sulfide bond reduction?

    <p>Dithiothreitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of centrifugation method uses sequential speeds for tissue homogenate separation?

    <p>Differential centrifugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequencing technology involves labeling and cleaving peptides from the N-terminal?

    <p>Edman degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anticoagulant of choice for cytogenetic molecular testing?

    <p>EDTA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily involved in the separation of charged molecules during ion exchange chromatography?

    <p>Charge interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using synthetic probes during RNA enrichment?

    <p>To specifically capture desired RNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles?

    <p>DNA homologous recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes denatured DNA in terms of its optical properties?

    <p>Hyperchromic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrate regarding DNA?

    <p>DNA serves as the genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of RNA, which structural feature differentiates tRNA from mRNA?

    <p>Presence of anticodon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of ribosomes during translation?

    <p>Facilitate the assembly of amino acids into proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major contribution did Watson and Crick make in 1953 regarding DNA?

    <p>Discovery of the double helix structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence best describes the gene-related sequences present in the human genome?

    <p>30% gene-related and 70% extragenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cloverleaf structure observed in tRNA?

    <p>To carry amino acids to the ribosome during translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chromatography utilizes a high-pressure pumping mechanism to move samples through a column?

    <p>High-performance liquid chromatography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of gel electrophoresis?

    <p>To separate molecules based on size and charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)?

    <p>Hybridization of complementary DNA or RNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agarose gel percentage would be best suited for separating DNA fragments in the range of 500 to 6000 base pairs?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mass spectrometry measures which of the following characteristics of molecules?

    <p>Mass-to-charge ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of gel is typically used for protein electrophoresis?

    <p>Polyacrylamide gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes different Sephadex gels used in size-exclusion chromatography?

    <p>Molecular weight range they can separate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is NOT typically involved in the setup for electrophoresis?

    <p>Chromatographic packing material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in the PCR process that disrupts hydrogen bonds between DNA strands?

    <p>Denaturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature range is typically optimal for the elongation step in PCR?

    <p>75 to 80°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the PCR mastermix helps in stabilizing the pH during the reaction?

    <p>Buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Taqman system, what is the purpose of the two fluorescent moieties on the probe?

    <p>To quench fluorescence from one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control ensures the PCR reaction has functions without contamination?

    <p>Negative control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which temperature phase of PCR do primers bind to the template DNA?

    <p>Annealing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PCR-grade water in the PCR mastermix?

    <p>To maintain reaction volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common application of the electrophoresis stage in the PCR process?

    <p>To separate and visualize PCR products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the BCL2 translocation t(14;18) in follicular B-cell lymphoma?

    <p>Inhibition of programmed cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genes are associated with the promotion of faulty DNA repairs and cell division?

    <p>BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows for the transfer of genetic material in microbial genetics?

    <p>Plasmid transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prominent feature of HIV-1’s genetic structure?

    <p>Single-stranded RNA genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the BCL2 protein primarily serve in cells?

    <p>Preventing apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mutations in which of the following genes are primarily linked to breast and ovarian cancer predisposition?

    <p>BRCA1 and BRCA2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genomic structure is relevant to the spike RBD of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to host interaction?

    <p>Receptor-binding domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of BCL2 overexpression in B-cell lymphoma?

    <p>Prolonged survival of B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecular Biology and Diagnostics Main Module

    • Topic: Introduction to Molecular Biology and Related Fields
    • Molecular Biology: Studies the composition, structure, and functions of nucleic acids (genes) and proteins. Used in biotechnology research and development.
    • Biochemistry: The study of the chemical composition and properties of living matter. Includes biochemical processes and translational research of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, and proteins.
    • Genetics: Focuses on genes and heredity, covering aspects of their functions and related factors.
    • Cell Biology: Investigates the structure, function, and regulations of cells.
    • Quantum Mechanics/Biophysics: Studies the smallest units and physical properties of matter, from molecules to atoms and subatomic particles.

    Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

    • DNA: A double-stranded helix. The template strand serves as a blueprint for RNA synthesis.
    • Transcription: DNA to RNA (messenger RNA).
    • Translation: RNA to protein (amino acid sequence).

    Molecular Biology Applications

    • DNA Alignment: Comparing DNA sequences.
    • Biomarker Development: Identifying markers for diseases.
    • Vaccine/Compound Development: Creating compounds for fighting infectious and degenerative diseases.
    • Gene Expression Analysis: Studying the regulation of gene expression.
      • Healthy vs diseased.
    • Molecular Diagnostics: Methods using molecular biology to diagnose diseases.

    Topic: Review of Medical Technology Chemistries

    • Atomic Science: Details different subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons) and their attributes including charge, mass.
    • Atomic Structure: Atoms consist of a nucleus (protons, neutrons) and orbiting electrons.
    • Electrons: Orbit the nucleus at high speed in electron shells.
    • Leptons: Fundamental particles like electrons.
    • Quarks: Subatomic particles that make up protons and neutrons.
    • Light: Exhibits wave and particle properties.
    • Energy and Frequency.
    • Mass Number: Total number of protons and neutrons.
    • Atomic Number: Total number of protons or electrons.
    • Isotopes: Members of an element family having same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

    Topic: Analytical Chemistry

    • Redox Reactions: Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from a reducing agent to an oxidizing agent.
    • Loss/gain of oxygen corresponds to reduction and oxidation respectively.
    • Acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons.
    • Electrophiles: Electron-deficient species. They accept an electron pair. Also known as Lewis acids.
    • Nucleophiles: Electron-rich species. They donate an electron pair. Also known as Lewis bases.
    • Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons.
    • Polar (unequal sharing); Nonpolar (equal sharing).

    Topic: Organic Chemistry

    • Acid Hydrolysis of Glycosidic Bonds: Chemical breakdown of glycosidic bonds (carbohydrate bonds) using acids.
    • Nuclear/Electron: Diagram displaying organization of subatomic particles in an atom.
    • Allosteric: Enzyme activation regulation by an allosteric effector.

    Topic: Biochemistry

    • Glycosidic Bond: Connection between monosaccharides in carbohydrates.
    • Phosphoester Bond: Linkage formed when a phosphoric acid group reacts with a hydroxyl group.
    • Peptide Bond: Covalent linkage between amino acids, forming proteins.
    • Covalent Bonds: Involve sharing electrons to create chemical bonds.

    Topic: Photoiluminescence

    • Fluorescence: Emission of light with shorter wavelength after absorbing photons with longer wavelength; occurs at relatively high temperatures or specific conditions.
    • Phosphorescence: Emission of light that continues for prolonged duration after exposure to radiation; occurs at low temperatures.
    • Chemiluminescence: Emission of light from chemical reactions releasing energy as light.

    Topic: Nucleotide Biochemistry

    • Nucleotide structure: Includes a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids are composed of these nucleotides.
    • Purine bases: Adenine and guanine.
    • Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine, thymine (DNA) and uracil (RNA).
    • DNA Backbone: Covalent bond (sugar-phosphate) links nucleotides.
    • DNA/RNA Base pairing: Specific hydrogen bonds connect complementary DNA/RNA bases. The bonding configuration determines the helical structure.

    Topic: DNA Replication

    • DNA replication: The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself.
    • Enzyme's function of replication: Includes activities of enzymes involved in replication (helicase, topoisomerase, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase).
    • Template strand: Serves as a model for synthesizing a new strand during DNA replication.
    • Origin of replication: Specific DNA sequence where replication begins.
    • Leading/lagging strand synthesis: DNA polymerase synthesizes the leading strand continuously and the lagging strand in fragments (Okazaki fragments).

    Topic: Transcription

    • Gene expression: The process of converting genetic information into proteins.
    • RNA transcripts: The RNA molecule produced during transcription.
    • Types of RNA Polymerase: Different RNA Polymerases transcribe different types of RNA.

    Topic: Translation

    • Amino acid activation: Amino acids activate and attach to tRNA to prepare protein synthesis.
    • tRNA/mRNA interaction: The mRNA guides the tRNA’s location and the pairing of appropriate amino acids during translation.
    • Polypeptide synthesis: Sequence of amino acids specified by mRNA creates the polypeptide chain and protein synthesis.
    • Ribosome: Protein complex and binding area for mRNA and tRNA. The different ribosomal sites (A, P, E) help in sequential amino acid pairing.

    Topic: RNA processing

    • Capping: Addition of a 5' cap to the nascent RNA transcript to protect it from degradation.
    • Splicing: Removal of introns (non-coding regions) and joining of exons (coding regions) in pre-mRNA forming the mature RNA.
    • Polyadenylation: Addition of a poly-A tail to the 3' end of the mRNA. This protects the mRNA from degradation and aids in translation.

    Topic: Molecular Theories (Central Dogma)

    • Central Dogma: The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

    Topic: Special Mechanisms

    • Reverse Transcriptase: Enzyme synthesizing DNA from RNA.
    • Telomerase: Enzyme maintaining chromosome ends (telomeres) and preventing shortening during replication.

    Topic: Viral Genomic Replication

    • Positive-sense RNA viruses: Viruses using RNA as a template to produce a complementary RNA for translation.
    • Negative-sense RNA viruses: Utilize RNA as a template to produce new RNA for replication.

    Topic: Quality Control in Molecular Biology

    • Differential centrifugation: Method of separating biological molecules based on size and density in a centrifuge.
    • Electroporation: Process for introducing DNA into cells using a brief electrical pulse.

    Topic: DNA Techniques

    • Recombinant DNA technology: Joins DNA segments from different sources.
    • Restriction Endonucleases: Enzymes cutting DNA at specific sequences.
    • Target Amplification: Methods for replicating DNA segments quickly/efficiently.
    • Sequencing Technologies: Methods for determining the order of DNA bases.

    Topic: Electrophoresis and Blotting

    • Electrophoresis: Method of separating molecules in an electric field based on size/charge.
    • Blotting transfer of separated molecules/fragments from a gel to a membrane for further experiments or analysis.

    Topic: Specific Techniques

    • Mass Spectrometry: Identifying molecules/analytes in a sample based on mass-to-charge ratio; used for identifying components in a sample, determining molecular weight.
    • Chromatography: Using a mobile and stationary phase to separate different components in a mixture.
    • Gel-size exclusion chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography.

    Topic: Post-Analytical Techniques

    • PCR, Sanger sequencing, Hybridization, FISH.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, and their interconnections. It also explores the central dogma of molecular biology, focusing on DNA, transcription, and gene functions. Ideal for students looking to solidify their understanding of these essential biological principles.

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