Introduction to Modern Philosophy (1600

Questions and Answers

What is a key aspect of critical thinking according to Maboloc and Pascua?

A lifelong process involving self-assessment (correct)

An innate ability present from birth

Automatic acceptance of established truths

Limited examination of one’s own beliefs

Which of the following is NOT part of the process described in critical thinking?

Avoiding the reconsideration of previous ideas (correct)

Defining and analyzing problems

Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions

Applying understanding to new problems

What does the use of bracketing (Epoché) primarily involve?

Focus on personal biases

Exclusively relying on intuition

Setting aside biases to focus on experience (correct)

A strict adherence to preconceived notions

What does philosophy of man enable individuals to appreciate?

The similarities and differences among man, plants, and animals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the importance of the philosophy of man?

It offers guidance in understanding humanity Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'philosophy' literally mean?

Love of wisdom Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is associated with the concept of human reason as the basis of understanding beings?

Rene Descartes Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a misconception about philosophy?

Philosophy is a practical discipline unrelated to science. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical field focuses on reasoning and deduction?

Logic Signup and view all the answers

How does practical philosophy differ from skeptical philosophy?

Practical philosophy applies knowledge for practical purposes. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'axiology' refer to within philosophy?

Study of values Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher is known for arguments related to morality?

Blaise Pascal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly reflects the nature of contemporary philosophy?

Explosive and varying in nature Signup and view all the answers

What does secular existentialism emphasize about human existence?

Man is free from imposed moral values Signup and view all the answers

How does traditional Christianity view the relationship between essence and existence?

Essence is predestined and precedes existence Signup and view all the answers

What key concept is associated with Søren Kierkegaard?

Leap of faith Signup and view all the answers

What existential concept did Friedrich Nietzsche develop?

Übermensch Signup and view all the answers

What is a common belief held in traditional Christianity regarding moral values?

They are universally defined by God Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of existence do existentialists often highlight as being burdensome?

The weight of responsibility for one's choices Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'God is dead' suggest in Nietzsche's philosophy?

The decline of religious belief requires new value systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between secular existentialism and traditional Christianity?

One argues for the existence of moral absolutes while the other rejects them Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Dasein' refer to in Heidegger's philosophy?

The condition of being deeply connected to the world Signup and view all the answers

According to Sartre, what concept precedes essence?

Existence Signup and view all the answers

What is the main theme explored in Albert Camus' 'The Myth of Sisyphus'?

Finding happiness in struggle Signup and view all the answers

What type of truth is defined as a statement known only by the individual who believes it?

Private truth Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes subjective truth?

It is influenced by personal attitudes and preferences. Signup and view all the answers

What do those who deny that truth has a specific nature believe?

Truth does not add anything significant to the statement. Signup and view all the answers

What is objective truth characterized by?

A claim that can be independently verified Signup and view all the answers

Which type of truth is acknowledged to be true by everyone?

Universal truth Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components that distinguish a human person?

Soul, Mind, and Spirit Signup and view all the answers

How does St. Thomas Aquinas describe the power of human beings?

They can change themselves and others. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the human experience does the Cognitive Self primarily relate to?

Beliefs, desires, dreams, and intentions Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of the Embodied Spirit in the context of human existence?

It is the animating core within each individual. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Four Noble Truths, what is the root cause of suffering?

Desire or attachment Signup and view all the answers

What does the Truth of the End of Suffering state regarding desire?

Eliminating desire is necessary to overcome suffering. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?

The cessation of suffering Signup and view all the answers

What does the Physical Self encompass in the context of human life?

Body type, strength, and appearances Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Modern Philosophy (1600 - 1900)

Philosophy is derived from the Greek "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom), meaning “love of wisdom”.
Focuses on man in relation to himself, others, nature, and God.
Notable philosophers include René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Baruch Spinoza, and Immanuel Kant.

Contemporary Philosophy (1900 - Present)

Characterized as "explosive"; lacks a central focus.
Key figures include Auguste Comte, Henri Bergson, and Jean-Paul Sartre.

Divisions of Philosophy

Practical Philosophy: Involves fields that apply philosophical knowledge for practical outcomes; seeks to derive normative laws.
Skeptical Philosophy: Focuses on knowledge acquisition without concern for practical application.

Misconceptions About Philosophy

Philosophy does not progress like sciences.
It's more than personal opinions or individual views on life.
Philosophy is not light reading or mere relaxation material.

Existentialism

Secular Existentialism: Asserts that life is absurd; individuals create their own values and essence.
Traditional Christianity: Believes in a transcendent God who defines absolute moral values and predestination.

Key Existentialist Philosophers

Søren Kierkegaard: Introduced the "leap of faith"; analyzed religious experience and concepts like absurdity and authenticity.
Friedrich Nietzsche: Proposed the "Übermensch" and declared "God is dead," urging new value creation.
Martin Heidegger: Developed "Dasein" (being-there), emphasizing existence's connection to the world.
Jean-Paul Sartre: Advocated "existence precedes essence"; explored themes in "Being and Nothingness".
Albert Camus: Suggested finding personal meaning in the struggle; explored absurdity, rebellion, and the human condition.

Nature of Truth

Necessary Truth: A statement whose negation leads to a contradiction.
Private Truth: Known only to the person who believes it.
Public Truth: Acknowledged by everyone.
Subjective Truth: Dependent on personal attitudes.
Objective Truth: Addresses objective claims which can be proven true or false.
Universal Truth: Accepted by all.

Importance of Philosophy of Man

Enhances understanding of human nature and personhood.
Encourages appreciation of diverse views on humanity.
Establishes similarities and differences among humans, plants, and animals.
Promotes improved relationships with others and a better understanding of life’s nature and meaning.

Human Person Dual Components

Cognitive Self: Beliefs, desires, dreams, and intentions defining the essence of a person.
Physical Self: Characteristics such as body type, strength, and appearance shaping personal identity.

Embodied Spirit Concept

Represents the core animating force within individuals, highlighting the unity of body and soul, crucial in both philosophical and religious interpretations.

Buddha's Teachings

After years of seeking enlightenment, he established the Four Noble Truths:
- Truth of Suffering (Dukkha): Life is inherently filled with suffering.
- Truth of the Cause of Suffering (Samudaya): Suffering stems from desire and attachment.
- Truth of the End of Suffering (Nirodha): Suffering can be overcome by eliminating desire.
- Truth of the Path to the End of Suffering (Magga): The Eightfold Path leads to the cessation of suffering.

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Description

Explore the key concepts and thinkers of modern philosophy from 1600 to 1900. This quiz covers influential philosophers such as Descartes, Pascal, Spinoza, and Kant, with a focus on the anthropocentric study of humanity's relationship with itself, others, nature, and God.

Introduction to Modern Philosophy (1600 - 1900)