Podcast
Questions and Answers
What year was the Intel 8088 introduced?
What year was the Intel 8088 introduced?
- 1979 (correct)
- 1989
- 1975
- 1982
Which external bus width did the Intel 8088 possess?
Which external bus width did the Intel 8088 possess?
- 16-bit
- 8-bit (correct)
- 4-bit
- 32-bit
What was the clock speed of the Intel 80186 and 80188?
What was the clock speed of the Intel 80186 and 80188?
- 6 MHz (correct)
- 10 MHz
- 4 MHz
- 8 MHz
How many million instructions per second could the Intel 8088 execute?
How many million instructions per second could the Intel 8088 execute?
What is the transistor count of the Intel 80486?
What is the transistor count of the Intel 80486?
Which of the following was NOT a component included in the Intel 80186 and 80188?
Which of the following was NOT a component included in the Intel 80186 and 80188?
What varied in the Intel 80486 depending on different versions?
What varied in the Intel 80486 depending on different versions?
What was an identifying feature of the Intel 8086 compared to the 8088?
What was an identifying feature of the Intel 8086 compared to the 8088?
What significant event occurred in 1968 regarding Intel's founders?
What significant event occurred in 1968 regarding Intel's founders?
What was the clock speed of the Intel 4004 microprocessor?
What was the clock speed of the Intel 4004 microprocessor?
How many transistors did the Intel 4004 microprocessor contain?
How many transistors did the Intel 4004 microprocessor contain?
What was unique about the Intel 8008 compared to earlier processors?
What was unique about the Intel 8008 compared to earlier processors?
What was the cost of the Intel 4004 microprocessor at the time of its introduction?
What was the cost of the Intel 4004 microprocessor at the time of its introduction?
What was the maximum program memory supported by the Intel 4040 microprocessor?
What was the maximum program memory supported by the Intel 4040 microprocessor?
What was the year of introduction for the Intel 4040 microprocessor?
What was the year of introduction for the Intel 4040 microprocessor?
How many employees did Intel have by 1981?
How many employees did Intel have by 1981?
What type of microprocessor was introduced in 2006 and features two cores?
What type of microprocessor was introduced in 2006 and features two cores?
What is the clock speed range for the Intel Core 2 Duo?
What is the clock speed range for the Intel Core 2 Duo?
How many transistors does the Intel Core 2 Duo contain?
How many transistors does the Intel Core 2 Duo contain?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Intel Core microprocessor introduced in 2006?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Intel Core microprocessor introduced in 2006?
What is the size of L1 cache per core in the Intel Core 2?
What is the size of L1 cache per core in the Intel Core 2?
Which architecture does the Intel Core microprocessor utilize for internal connections?
Which architecture does the Intel Core microprocessor utilize for internal connections?
Which version of the Intel Core series was NOT launched in 2006?
Which version of the Intel Core series was NOT launched in 2006?
What is the total amount of L2 cache shared in Intel Core 2 processors?
What is the total amount of L2 cache shared in Intel Core 2 processors?
What was a notable feature of the Intel 80386 microprocessor?
What was a notable feature of the Intel 80386 microprocessor?
Which version of the Intel 80386 was noted for its clock speed variations?
Which version of the Intel 80386 was noted for its clock speed variations?
What was the initial name of the Intel Pentium microprocessor?
What was the initial name of the Intel Pentium microprocessor?
What was the maximum clock speed achieved by the Intel Pentium?
What was the maximum clock speed achieved by the Intel Pentium?
Which microprocessor became the best-selling in history?
Which microprocessor became the best-selling in history?
What was the clock speed range of the Intel Pentium II?
What was the clock speed range of the Intel Pentium II?
What amount of cache memory did the Pentium have for instructions?
What amount of cache memory did the Pentium have for instructions?
How much L1 cache did the Intel Pentium I Xeon have?
How much L1 cache did the Intel Pentium I Xeon have?
What was a key characteristic of the Intel Pentium's data bus?
What was a key characteristic of the Intel Pentium's data bus?
Which feature was shared by both the Intel Pentium I and Intel Pentium I Xeon?
Which feature was shared by both the Intel Pentium I and Intel Pentium I Xeon?
What was the maximum L2 cache of the Intel Pentium I Xeon?
What was the maximum L2 cache of the Intel Pentium I Xeon?
When was the Intel Pentium I introduced?
When was the Intel Pentium I introduced?
Which Intel Pentium model had a maximum execution capability of 333 million instructions per second?
Which Intel Pentium model had a maximum execution capability of 333 million instructions per second?
What was the transistor count of the Intel Pentium II?
What was the transistor count of the Intel Pentium II?
In which year was the Intel Pentium V introduced?
In which year was the Intel Pentium V introduced?
What is the maximum clock speed of the microprocessor introduced in 2009?
What is the maximum clock speed of the microprocessor introduced in 2009?
How many physical cores does the microprocessor introduced in 2010 have?
How many physical cores does the microprocessor introduced in 2010 have?
What is the L3 cache size of the microprocessor launched in 2009?
What is the L3 cache size of the microprocessor launched in 2009?
Which feature allows the 8086 microprocessor to access memory locations?
Which feature allows the 8086 microprocessor to access memory locations?
How many transistors does the microprocessor introduced in 2010 contain?
How many transistors does the microprocessor introduced in 2010 contain?
What is the cache size for L2 cache per core in the microprocessor introduced in 2009?
What is the cache size for L2 cache per core in the microprocessor introduced in 2009?
What is the word size of the 8086 microprocessor?
What is the word size of the 8086 microprocessor?
Which of the following microprocessors has the highest clock speed?
Which of the following microprocessors has the highest clock speed?
Flashcards
Intel 4004
Intel 4004
The first microprocessor created by Intel in 1971. It was a 4-bit microprocessor with a clock speed of 740 kHz and around 2,300 transistors.
Intel 4040
Intel 4040
A 4-bit microprocessor introduced in 1974, succeeding the 4004.
Intel 8008
Intel 8008
The first 8-bit microprocessor by Intel, released in 1972. It marked an important step up in processing power, although its clock speed was 500 kHz.
Microprocessor
Microprocessor
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Integrated Circuit (IC)
Integrated Circuit (IC)
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4-bit microprocessor
4-bit microprocessor
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8-bit microprocessor
8-bit microprocessor
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Clock speed
Clock speed
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Intel 80186/80188
Intel 80186/80188
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Intel 80486DX
Intel 80486DX
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External Bus
External Bus
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Transistors
Transistors
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16-bit processor
16-bit processor
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80386 DX
80386 DX
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80386 SX
80386 SX
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80386 SL
80386 SL
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Intel Pentium
Intel Pentium
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Pentium's cache memory
Pentium's cache memory
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Intel Pentium Pro
Intel Pentium Pro
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Dynamic execution
Dynamic execution
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What is the L2 cache size of Intel Pentium I?
What is the L2 cache size of Intel Pentium I?
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What was the primary use of Intel Pentium I?
What was the primary use of Intel Pentium I?
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What was the clock speed of Intel Pentium I?
What was the clock speed of Intel Pentium I?
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What is the bit architecture of Intel Pentium I?
What is the bit architecture of Intel Pentium I?
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What was the purpose of Intel Pentium II Xeon?
What was the purpose of Intel Pentium II Xeon?
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What is the clock speed range of Intel Pentium II?
What is the clock speed range of Intel Pentium II?
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What is the key characteristic of Intel Pentium IV?
What is the key characteristic of Intel Pentium IV?
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What is the clock speed range of Intel Pentium IV?
What is the clock speed range of Intel Pentium IV?
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Intel Core
Intel Core
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SMT (Simultaneous Multithreading)
SMT (Simultaneous Multithreading)
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L1 cache
L1 cache
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L2 cache
L2 cache
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Intel Core 2 Duo
Intel Core 2 Duo
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Intel Core 2 Quad
Intel Core 2 Quad
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Intel Core 2 Extreme
Intel Core 2 Extreme
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What is the word size of the 8086?
What is the word size of the 8086?
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What is the maximum memory address space supported by the 8086?
What is the maximum memory address space supported by the 8086?
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How many I/O ports can the 8086 support?
How many I/O ports can the 8086 support?
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What are the bus types utilized by the 8086?
What are the bus types utilized by the 8086?
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What is the function of segment registers in the 8086?
What is the function of segment registers in the 8086?
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Explain memory segmentation in the 8086.
Explain memory segmentation in the 8086.
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What are pointer registers and index registers?
What are pointer registers and index registers?
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What is the purpose of the flag register?
What is the purpose of the flag register?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Microprocessors
- Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC) is called a microprocessor.
- A digital computer with one microprocessor acting as a CPU is called a microcomputer.
- It is a programmable, multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based electronic device.
- It reads binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as input, processes data according to instructions, and provides results as output.
- The microprocessor contains millions of tiny components like transistors, registers, and diodes that work together.
- It is an important part of a computer's architecture, without which a computer cannot function.
- It takes input, performs arithmetic and logical operations, and produces the desired output.
- In essence, a microprocessor is a digital device on a chip that fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and executes them to give results.
Basics of Microprocessor
- A microprocessor takes a machine language set of instructions and executes them, telling the processor what to do.
- During instruction execution, it performs basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), and logical operations using its Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU).
Program Counter (PC)
- The program counter (PC) is a register that stores the address of the next instruction to be executed.
- This address is determined by the value of the previous instruction's address in the corresponding microprocessing unit.
Basic Terms Used in Microprocessors
- Instruction Set: The group of commands that the microprocessor understands. It acts as an interface between hardware and software.
- Bus: A set of conductors used to transmit data, address, or control information between components in a microprocessor. A microprocessor has three types of buses—data, address, and control.
- IPC (Instructions Per Cycle): A measure of instructions a CPU can execute in a single clock cycle.
Clock Speed
- Clock Speed is the number of operations per second that a processor can perform.
- It can be expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). One GHz equals one billion cycles per second, while one MHz equals one million cycles per second.
- Clock speed is also called the clock rate.
- The number of bits processed in a single instruction is called Bandwidth.
Word Length
- The number of bits a processor can process at a time is called the word length.
- An 8-bit microprocessor, for example, can process 8-bit data at a time.
- Word length can range from 4 bits to 64 bits, depending on the type of microcomputer.
- Microprocessors support multiple data types like binary, ASCII, signed numbers, and unsigned numbers.
Features of Microprocessors
- Low Cost: Integrated circuit technology makes microprocessors affordable.
- High Speed: Due to involved technology, microprocessors operate at high speed, capable of executing millions of instructions per second.
- Small Size: Large scale and ultra-large scale integration technology lead to smaller footprints, reducing overall system size.
- Versatile: One chip can perform a variety of tasks.
- Low Power Consumption: Metal-oxide semiconductor technology reduces power consumption.
- Less Heat Generation: Semiconductor technology produces less heat compared to vacuum tube devices, leading to higher reliability.
- Reliable: Semiconductor-based microprocessors have lower failure rates.
- Portable: Small size and low power consumption make microprocessors portable.
A μcomputer system
- A computer system typically includes input devices (e.g., keyboard), a microprocessor (e.g., core 2 duo), memory (e.g., RAM, disk), and output devices (e.g., monitor). Data flows between these components.
Evolution of Intel
- Fairchild Semiconductors invented the first integrated circuit (IC) in 1959.
- Intel was founded in 1968 by former Fairchild employees.
- Intel's early processors (e.g., Intel 4004) were 4-bit and later became 8-bit and 16-bit.
- Subsequent processors evolved to 32-bit (e.g., Intel 80386) and 64-bit (e.g., Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core i7).
Internal Architecture of 8086
- Internal Architecture is composed of BIU & EU, with BIU handling the bus transactions and EU handling processing instructions.
- The BIU fetches instructions, reads and writes operands from/to memory, and calculates addresses.
- The BIU manages a queue for instructions.
- EU executes instructions from the queue.
- The BIU has the Instruction queue, Segment registers, Instruction pointer, and Address adder.
- EU has several components such as the Control Circuitry, Instruction decoder, ALU, Pointer and Index register, and Flag Register.
- Execution units contains general purpose registers, stack pointer, base pointer, index registers, ALU, flag register, instruction decoder, and timing & control unit.
Execution Unit Flag Register
- A flag is a flip-flop indicating conditions produced by instruction execution.
- The 8086 EU has a 16-bit flag register, including condition/control flags.
- Some of these flags are Carry (CF), Parity (PF), Auxiliary Carry (AF), Zero (ZF), Sign (SF), and Overflow (OF) flags.
- Another set of flags include the Trap, Interrupt, and Direction flags.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of microprocessors, including their definitions, components, and functionalities. Learn about how a microprocessor acts as the central processing unit in a microcomputer and plays a crucial role in computer architecture. Test your knowledge on the workings and operations of this essential electronic device.
