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Questions and Answers
What type of laboratories are adequate for working with microorganisms in risk group 1 and 2?
What type of laboratories are adequate for working with microorganisms in risk group 1 and 2?
Which of the following microorganisms belongs to risk group 2?
Which of the following microorganisms belongs to risk group 2?
What type of laboratories are used for work with infectious organisms in risk group 3?
What type of laboratories are used for work with infectious organisms in risk group 3?
What is a characteristic of a containment laboratory?
What is a characteristic of a containment laboratory?
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What type of laboratories are intended for work with viruses in risk group 4?
What type of laboratories are intended for work with viruses in risk group 4?
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What is a characteristic of a maximum containment laboratory?
What is a characteristic of a maximum containment laboratory?
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What type of laboratories perform routine diagnostic and follow-up lab tests?
What type of laboratories perform routine diagnostic and follow-up lab tests?
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What type of laboratories may conduct additional tests than those provided in peripheral laboratories?
What type of laboratories may conduct additional tests than those provided in peripheral laboratories?
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What type of laboratories can serve as referral laboratories for some special tests?
What type of laboratories can serve as referral laboratories for some special tests?
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What type of laboratories carry out management and supervisory tasks under specific areas of jurisdiction?
What type of laboratories carry out management and supervisory tasks under specific areas of jurisdiction?
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Match the following types of laboratories with their characteristics:
Match the following types of laboratories with their characteristics:
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Match the following laboratory types with their functions:
Match the following laboratory types with their functions:
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Match the following microorganisms with their risk groups:
Match the following microorganisms with their risk groups:
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Match the following laboratory characteristics with their types:
Match the following laboratory characteristics with their types:
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Match the following laboratory tasks with their levels:
Match the following laboratory tasks with their levels:
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Match the following laboratory features with their types:
Match the following laboratory features with their types:
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Match the following microorganisms with their laboratory handling:
Match the following microorganisms with their laboratory handling:
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Match the following laboratory types with their testing capabilities:
Match the following laboratory types with their testing capabilities:
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Match the following laboratory tests with their respective medical conditions:
Match the following laboratory tests with their respective medical conditions:
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Match the following laboratory departments with their respective areas of focus:
Match the following laboratory departments with their respective areas of focus:
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Match the following laboratory tests with their respective areas of application:
Match the following laboratory tests with their respective areas of application:
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Match the following laboratory tests with their respective biological molecules:
Match the following laboratory tests with their respective biological molecules:
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Match the following laboratory departments with their respective areas of focus:
Match the following laboratory departments with their respective areas of focus:
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Match the following laboratory types with their respective risk levels:
Match the following laboratory types with their respective risk levels:
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Match the following laboratory tests with their respective areas of application:
Match the following laboratory tests with their respective areas of application:
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Match the following laboratory professionals with their respective areas of expertise:
Match the following laboratory professionals with their respective areas of expertise:
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Match the following laboratory tests with their purposes:
Match the following laboratory tests with their purposes:
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Match the following entities with their roles in the history of medical laboratory in Ethiopia:
Match the following entities with their roles in the history of medical laboratory in Ethiopia:
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Match the following limitations of physical examination with their reasons:
Match the following limitations of physical examination with their reasons:
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Match the following types of laboratory tests with their purposes:
Match the following types of laboratory tests with their purposes:
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Match the following milestones with their years in the history of medical laboratory:
Match the following milestones with their years in the history of medical laboratory:
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Match the following laboratory tests with their applications:
Match the following laboratory tests with their applications:
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Match the following laboratory professionals with their roles:
Match the following laboratory professionals with their roles:
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Match the following laboratory testing methods with their benefits:
Match the following laboratory testing methods with their benefits:
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Study Notes
Basics to Medical Laboratory Sciences
Definition of Laboratory and Medical Laboratory
- A laboratory is a room, building, or institution equipped for testing, experimentation, or scientific research.
- A medical laboratory is a health facility where tests are done on body fluids to acquire information about a patient's health for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease or medical research.
History of Medical Laboratory Science
- The beginning of medical laboratory science is not well known, but urine examination dates back to ancient Egypt around 400 BC.
- The first organized clinical laboratory was opened at Johns Hopkins Hospital in the USA in 1896.
- Laboratory work was initially performed by physicians, but as diagnostic tests grew, they relied on laboratory assistants.
- The creation of diversified training programs for laboratory professionals began during World War I, and a well-organized MLS program developed in the 1950s and 1960s.
History of Medical Laboratory in Ethiopia
- Medical laboratory service began in Lambie Hospital, which was renamed 'Ministro Dela Sanita' by Italians, then 'Imperial Medical Research Institute' by the British, and finally 'Institute Pasteur d' Ethiopie' by the French.
- Ethiopian professionals took over the responsibility, and the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) was established.
- Formal training of laboratory professionals started in 1954.
Importance of Laboratory Testing
- Laboratory tests are necessary for aiding medical diagnosis, as physical examination alone can lead to misdiagnosis and poor disease outcome.
- Laboratory tests are used for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring diseases.
- Examples of laboratory tests include lipid profile for cardiovascular disease, prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer, acid-fast staining for tuberculosis, and blood film for malaria.
Medical Laboratory Department/Units
- The organization of a clinical laboratory depends on its size, number of tests, and available facilities.
- Departments/units include urinalysis, hematology, parasitology, clinical chemistry, immunology/serology, microbiology, molecular biology, cytology, and immunohematology.
- Each department/unit has a specific function, such as examination of blood constituents, measurement of biochemicals, and detection of microorganisms.
Classification of Laboratories
- The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies laboratories based on risk levels as basic, containment, and maximum containment laboratories.
- Basic laboratories deal with microorganisms in risk groups 1 and 2, while containment laboratories are used for work with infectious organisms in risk group 3.
- Maximum containment laboratories are used for work with viruses in risk group 4, requiring the strictest safety precautions.
Structure of Laboratory Services
- The structure of laboratory services consists of peripheral, intermediate-level, and reference laboratories.
- Peripheral laboratories perform routine diagnostic and follow-up tests.
- Intermediate-level laboratories conduct additional tests and serve as referral laboratories for special tests, carrying out management and supervisory tasks.
Laboratory Classification
- Primary health care and hospital diagnostic labs are adequate for working with microorganisms in risk groups 1 and 2.
- Risk group 1 includes food spoilage bacteria and yeasts.
- Risk group 2 includes Staphylococci and Streptococci.
- Containment laboratories are more advanced and used for work with infectious organisms in risk group 3, such as M. tuberculosis and HIV.
- Maximum containment laboratories are intended for work with viruses in risk group 4, such as Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and SARS virus, and require strict safety precautions.
Laboratory Structure and Services
- The structure of laboratory services includes reference laboratories, intermediate-level laboratories, and peripheral laboratories.
- Peripheral laboratories perform routine diagnostic and follow-up lab tests.
- Intermediate-level laboratories conduct additional tests and serve as referral laboratories for special tests, while carrying out management and supervisory tasks.
History of Medical Laboratory
- Medical laboratory service began in Lambie Hospital, which was later renamed and reorganized by Italians, British, and French teams.
- Ethiopian professionals eventually took over and established the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI).
- Formal training of laboratory professionals started in 1954.
Importance of Laboratory Testing
- Laboratory tests are necessary as an aid to medical diagnosis, as physical examination alone can lead to missed diagnoses and poor disease outcomes.
- Laboratory testing is used for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring.
- Examples of screening include lipid profiles for cardiovascular disease and prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer.
- Examples of diagnosis include acid-fast staining for tuberculosis and blood films for malaria.
- Examples of monitoring include hemoglobin to check anemia treatment and glucose for diabetes.
Medical Laboratory Departments
- Medical laboratory departments/units include urinalysis, hematology, parasitology, clinical chemistry, immunology/serology, immunohematology, microbiology, molecular biology, cytology, bacteriology, virology, mycology, histopathology, and public health.
- Hematology involves the examination of blood constituents.
- Clinical chemistry measures biochemicals in body fluids.
- Medical microbiology deals with medically important microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
- Parasitology deals with parasites.
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Description
An overview of medical laboratory sciences, covering its definition, history, and other essential concepts for second-year students. This quiz is designed to test your understanding of the basics of MLS.
