Urine Physical Examination

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of urine in cases of porphyria?

Red-brown color in acidic urine after standing (correct)

Red-brown color in alkaline urine after standing

Brown color in acidic urine after standing

Black color in acidic urine after standing

What is the characteristic of black urine in relation to nitroprusside and ferric chloride?

Reacts with both nitroprusside and ferric chloride (correct)

Does not react with either nitroprusside or ferric chloride

Reacts with ferric chloride but not nitroprusside

Reacts with nitroprusside but not ferric chloride

What is the term for urine with many particulates, where the print is blurred when seen through?

Hazy

Cloudy (correct)

Turbid

Clear

What is a non-pathologic cause of turbidity in urine?

Squamous epithelial cells and mucus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for urine that is transparent and has no visible particulates?

Clear Signup and view all the answers

What is an antihypertensive associated with black urine?

Not mentioned Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pigment responsible for the yellow color of urine?

Urochrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of measuring specific gravity in the routine analysis of urine?

To provide information about the kidney's ability to concentrate urine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT used to determine specific gravity?

Microscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is the possible cause of cloudy red urine?

Hematuria or hemoglobinuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary measure of refractometry?

Refractive index Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of measuring specific gravity using a reagent strip and osmolality?

It is more convenient and provides a more accurate measurement Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind osmolality measurements?

Changes in colligative properties by particle number Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal color of urine in a laboratory?

Pale yellow, yellow, and dark yellow Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using refractometry to measure specific gravity?

It requires a small volume of specimen (1-2 drops) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of a colorless urine specimen?

Random specimen Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a specific gravity of 1.010?

Isosthenuric Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause a dark yellow urine color?

May be first morning specimen Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind reagent strip measurements?

pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present Signup and view all the answers

What is affected by the type of particles present in a solution?

Osmolality Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of a yellow-green urine color?

Colored foam in acidic urine and false-negative chemical test results for bilirubin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can cause a blue-green urine color?

Antidepressant, Muscle relaxant, Bacterial infections, intestinal disorders Signup and view all the answers

What can be obtained by measuring osmolarity?

A measure of renal concentrating ability Signup and view all the answers

What is the color change observed on a reagent strip as the specific gravity increases?

From blue to green to yellow Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of a pink urine color?

Cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of a port wine-colored urine?

Porphyrins excreted in the urine Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased concentration of urine on pH?

Decreased pH Signup and view all the answers

What type of odor is characteristic of freshly voided urine?

Faint aromatic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of foul, ammonia-like odor in urine?

Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bromthymol blue on the reagent pad?

To measure pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of urine in cases of maple syrup urine disease?

Fruity, sweet odor Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of urine in cases of isovaleric acidemia?

Sweaty feet odor Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Urine Color

The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of urochrome, which increases in thyroid conditions, fasting states, and when left at room temperature.
Other pigments that can affect urine color include uroerythrin, urobilin, bilirubin, and biliverdin.
Abnormal urine colors and their possible causes:
- Colorless: commonly observed with random specimens
- Pale yellow: increased 24-hour volume, low specific gravity, or recent fluid consumption
- Dark yellow: first morning specimen, fever, burns, or antibiotic administration
- Orange-yellow: certain medications (e.g., Phenazopyridine)
- Yellow-green: acidic urine with a positive chemical test result for bilirubin
- Green: positive urine culture, RBCs visible microscopically, or intravascular hemolysis
- Blue-green: certain medications, bacterial infections, or intestinal disorders
- Pink: cloudy urine with a positive chemical test result for blood
- Red: clear urine with a positive chemical test result for blood or intravascular hemolysis
- Port wine: porphyrins excreted in the urine (porphyria)
- Red-brown: acidic urine with a positive chemical test result for blood
- Brown: alkaline urine with a positive chemical test result for blood
- Black: urine darkens on standing and reacts with nitroprusside and ferric chloride

Urine Clarity

Cloudy urine: many particulates, print blurred through urine
Turbid urine: print cannot be seen through urine
Milky urine: may precipitate or be clotted
Non-pathologic turbidity: presence of squamous epithelial cells and mucus, semen, fecal contamination, radiographic contrast media, talcum powder, or vaginal creams
Pathologic turbidity: RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, or yeast

Specific Gravity

Measure of the density of dissolved chemicals in the specimen
Isosthenuric: specific gravity of 1.010
Hyposthenuric: specific gravity below 1.010
Hypersthenuric: specific gravity above 1.010
Methods of measuring specific gravity:
- Refractometry: measures refractive index
- Osmolality: measures changes in colligative properties by particle number
- Reagent strip: based on pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present

Refractometry

Determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index
Requires only a small volume of specimen (1-2 drops)
Measures the velocity of light in air and the velocity of light in a solution

Osmolality

Measures the number of solute particles per unit of solvent
Affected only by the number of particles present
Can be used to measure renal concentrating ability

Reagent Strip

Based on the change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium
Indicator bromthymol blue measures the pH
Increased concentration of urine = increased H+ ions released = decreased pH

Urine Odor

Normal urine: faint aromatic odor
Long-standing specimen: odor of ammonia becomes more prominent
Causes of abnormal urine odor:
- Foul, ammonia-like: bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection
- Fruity, sweet: ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)
- Maple syrup: maple syrup urine disease
- Mousy: phenylketonuria
- Rancid: tyrosinemia
- Sweaty feet: isovaleric acidemia
- Cabbage: methionine malabsorption
- Bleach: contamination

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the physical examination of urine, including common terminologies, normal urine color, and the significance of different urine characteristics.