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Urine Physical Examination
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Urine Physical Examination

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of urine in cases of porphyria?

  • Red-brown color in acidic urine after standing (correct)
  • Red-brown color in alkaline urine after standing
  • Brown color in acidic urine after standing
  • Black color in acidic urine after standing
  • What is the characteristic of black urine in relation to nitroprusside and ferric chloride?

  • Reacts with both nitroprusside and ferric chloride (correct)
  • Does not react with either nitroprusside or ferric chloride
  • Reacts with ferric chloride but not nitroprusside
  • Reacts with nitroprusside but not ferric chloride
  • What is the term for urine with many particulates, where the print is blurred when seen through?

  • Hazy
  • Cloudy (correct)
  • Turbid
  • Clear
  • What is a non-pathologic cause of turbidity in urine?

    <p>Squamous epithelial cells and mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for urine that is transparent and has no visible particulates?

    <p>Clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antihypertensive associated with black urine?

    <p>Not mentioned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pigment responsible for the yellow color of urine?

    <p>Urochrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of measuring specific gravity in the routine analysis of urine?

    <p>To provide information about the kidney's ability to concentrate urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT used to determine specific gravity?

    <p>Microscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible cause of cloudy red urine?

    <p>Hematuria or hemoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary measure of refractometry?

    <p>Refractive index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of measuring specific gravity using a reagent strip and osmolality?

    <p>It is more convenient and provides a more accurate measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind osmolality measurements?

    <p>Changes in colligative properties by particle number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal color of urine in a laboratory?

    <p>Pale yellow, yellow, and dark yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using refractometry to measure specific gravity?

    <p>It requires a small volume of specimen (1-2 drops)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of a colorless urine specimen?

    <p>Random specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a specific gravity of 1.010?

    <p>Isosthenuric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause a dark yellow urine color?

    <p>May be first morning specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind reagent strip measurements?

    <p>pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is affected by the type of particles present in a solution?

    <p>Osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of a yellow-green urine color?

    <p>Colored foam in acidic urine and false-negative chemical test results for bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause a blue-green urine color?

    <p>Antidepressant, Muscle relaxant, Bacterial infections, intestinal disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be obtained by measuring osmolarity?

    <p>A measure of renal concentrating ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color change observed on a reagent strip as the specific gravity increases?

    <p>From blue to green to yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of a pink urine color?

    <p>Cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of a port wine-colored urine?

    <p>Porphyrins excreted in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased concentration of urine on pH?

    <p>Decreased pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of odor is characteristic of freshly voided urine?

    <p>Faint aromatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of foul, ammonia-like odor in urine?

    <p>Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of bromthymol blue on the reagent pad?

    <p>To measure pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of urine in cases of maple syrup urine disease?

    <p>Fruity, sweet odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of urine in cases of isovaleric acidemia?

    <p>Sweaty feet odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urine Color

    • The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of urochrome, which increases in thyroid conditions, fasting states, and when left at room temperature.
    • Other pigments that can affect urine color include uroerythrin, urobilin, bilirubin, and biliverdin.
    • Abnormal urine colors and their possible causes:
      • Colorless: commonly observed with random specimens
      • Pale yellow: increased 24-hour volume, low specific gravity, or recent fluid consumption
      • Dark yellow: first morning specimen, fever, burns, or antibiotic administration
      • Orange-yellow: certain medications (e.g., Phenazopyridine)
      • Yellow-green: acidic urine with a positive chemical test result for bilirubin
      • Green: positive urine culture, RBCs visible microscopically, or intravascular hemolysis
      • Blue-green: certain medications, bacterial infections, or intestinal disorders
      • Pink: cloudy urine with a positive chemical test result for blood
      • Red: clear urine with a positive chemical test result for blood or intravascular hemolysis
      • Port wine: porphyrins excreted in the urine (porphyria)
      • Red-brown: acidic urine with a positive chemical test result for blood
      • Brown: alkaline urine with a positive chemical test result for blood
      • Black: urine darkens on standing and reacts with nitroprusside and ferric chloride

    Urine Clarity

    • Cloudy urine: many particulates, print blurred through urine
    • Turbid urine: print cannot be seen through urine
    • Milky urine: may precipitate or be clotted
    • Non-pathologic turbidity: presence of squamous epithelial cells and mucus, semen, fecal contamination, radiographic contrast media, talcum powder, or vaginal creams
    • Pathologic turbidity: RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, or yeast

    Specific Gravity

    • Measure of the density of dissolved chemicals in the specimen
    • Isosthenuric: specific gravity of 1.010
    • Hyposthenuric: specific gravity below 1.010
    • Hypersthenuric: specific gravity above 1.010
    • Methods of measuring specific gravity:
      • Refractometry: measures refractive index
      • Osmolality: measures changes in colligative properties by particle number
      • Reagent strip: based on pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present

    Refractometry

    • Determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index
    • Requires only a small volume of specimen (1-2 drops)
    • Measures the velocity of light in air and the velocity of light in a solution

    Osmolality

    • Measures the number of solute particles per unit of solvent
    • Affected only by the number of particles present
    • Can be used to measure renal concentrating ability

    Reagent Strip

    • Based on the change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium
    • Indicator bromthymol blue measures the pH
    • Increased concentration of urine = increased H+ ions released = decreased pH

    Urine Odor

    • Normal urine: faint aromatic odor
    • Long-standing specimen: odor of ammonia becomes more prominent
    • Causes of abnormal urine odor:
      • Foul, ammonia-like: bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection
      • Fruity, sweet: ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)
      • Maple syrup: maple syrup urine disease
      • Mousy: phenylketonuria
      • Rancid: tyrosinemia
      • Sweaty feet: isovaleric acidemia
      • Cabbage: methionine malabsorption
      • Bleach: contamination

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    Description

    This quiz covers the physical examination of urine, including common terminologies, normal urine color, and the significance of different urine characteristics.

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