Introduction to Matter, Elements, and Atoms

Atomic Structure

• A neutron has no charge.
• An electron has a negative charge.

Isotopes and Radioactivity

• When an isotope becomes unstable, it undergoes radioactive decay to become stable.
• Isotopes with different numbers of neutrons have different properties.

Chemical Bonding

• An ionic bond forms between two atoms when one atom loses an electron and the other gains it.
• A covalent bond forms when two atoms share electrons.

Biology and Energy

• The main energy source for the human body is glucose.
• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the energy currency for cells.
• It stores energy in the form of phosphate bonds, which are broken down to release energy.

Compounds and pH Levels

• Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
• Strong acids have a pH range of 0-1.
• In acids, hydrogen ions (H+) are present.
• A molecule is characterized by a group of atoms bonded together.

Ions and Bonding

• In ionic bonding, the atom that receives an electron develops a negative charge (anion).
• The atom that loses an electron develops a positive charge (cation).

Metabolism

• Catabolism is the breakdown of molecules to release energy, while anabolism is the synthesis of molecules to store energy.
• Proteins perform a variety of functions in the body, including enzyme catalysis, transport, and structure.

Acids and Bases

• Acids have a pH level below 7, while bases have a pH level above 7.
• Ions play a crucial role in acids and bases, with hydrogen ions (H+) present in acids and hydroxide ions (OH-) present in bases.

Organic Compounds

• Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are characteristic of organic compounds, which distinguish them from inorganic compounds.