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Questions and Answers
What type of bonds are formed when the valence shell electron configuration of two atoms is shown?
What type of bonds are formed when the valence shell electron configuration of two atoms is shown?
Which of the following elements does not form an ion with a charge of +2?
Which of the following elements does not form an ion with a charge of +2?
What is the primary reason why noble gases do not form bonds with other elements?
What is the primary reason why noble gases do not form bonds with other elements?
What is the result of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium?
What is the result of the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium?
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What is the primary difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
What is the primary difference between a physical change and a chemical change?
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What is the purpose of circling the shared electron pairs in a valence dot diagram?
What is the purpose of circling the shared electron pairs in a valence dot diagram?
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What is the primary difference between an atom and an element?
What is the primary difference between an atom and an element?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a compound?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a compound?
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What is the relationship between the rows of the periodic table?
What is the relationship between the rows of the periodic table?
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What is the term for the number of electrons an atom can gain or lose to form a bond with another atom?
What is the term for the number of electrons an atom can gain or lose to form a bond with another atom?
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Which of the following is an example of a metalloid?
Which of the following is an example of a metalloid?
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What is the term for the bonds formed between atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons?
What is the term for the bonds formed between atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons?
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Which of the following substances is a mixture?
Which of the following substances is a mixture?
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What is the term for a group of atoms that are chemically bonded together?
What is the term for a group of atoms that are chemically bonded together?
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Study Notes
Matter and Elements
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space
- Elements are substances that consist of only one type of atom
- The first 20 elements on the periodic table, along with their symbols, are:
- Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Neon (Ne), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Argon (Ar), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca)
- Transitional metals, along with their atomic numbers and symbols, include:
- Iron (Fe, 26), Copper (Cu, 29), Zinc (Zn, 30), Silver (Ag, 47), Gold (Au, 79), Mercury (Hg, 80)
Atoms
- Atoms are the building blocks of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Subatomic particles and their characteristics:
- Electrons: located outside the nucleus, negative charge, almost no mass
- Protons: located in the nucleus, positive charge, relative mass of 1
- Neutrons: located in the nucleus, no charge, relative mass of 1
Compounds and Mixtures
- Compounds are substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
- Examples of compounds: water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen gas (H2)
- Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances
- Examples of mixtures: air, soil, blood
- Pure substances are either elements or compounds
Periodic Table
- Metals are found on the left side and center of the periodic table
- Non-metals are found on the right side of the periodic table
- Metalloids are found on the border between metals and non-metals
- Elements in each row of the periodic table have the same period number, which increases from top to bottom
- Elements in each column of the periodic table have the same group number, which increases from left to right
Properties of Metals and Non-metals
- Common properties of metals:
- Good conductors of electricity
- Good conductors of heat
- Malleable and ductile
- High density
- Typically solid at room temperature
- Common properties of non-metals:
- Poor conductors of electricity
- Poor conductors of heat
- Brittle and non-ductile
- Low density
- Can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature
Molecules and Bonds
- Molecules are groups of atoms chemically bonded together
- Examples of molecules: water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen gas (H2)
- Valency refers to the number of electrons an atom gains, loses, or shares to form bonds
- Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons
- Ionic bonds are formed when atoms transfer electrons
- Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, resulting in a charge
Chemical Reactions
- Physical change: a change in state or phase of a substance, without a change in composition
- Chemical change: a change in the composition of a substance, resulting in a new substance
- Signs of chemical change: color change, temperature change, gas production, precipitate formation
- Chemical equation: a representation of a chemical reaction, using formulas of reactants and products
- Balanced chemical equation: a chemical equation where the number of atoms of each element is the same on both the reactant and product sides
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Description
Revision quiz for Year 8.1 Chemistry students at Lesmurdie Senior High School, covering key concepts such as matter, elements, atoms, and the periodic table.
