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Questions and Answers
Which type of carbohydrate is composed of long chains of sugar building blocks?
Which type of carbohydrate is composed of long chains of sugar building blocks?
- Monosaccharide
- Oligosaccharide
- Polysaccharide (correct)
- Disaccharide
What is an example of a disaccharide?
What is an example of a disaccharide?
- Glucose
- Cellulose
- Fructose
- Sucrose (correct)
Where can you typically find glycogen in the body?
Where can you typically find glycogen in the body?
- In animal muscles and liver (correct)
- In plant cell walls
- In fruits and vegetables
- In dairy products
Which of the following carbohydrates is a simple sugar?
Which of the following carbohydrates is a simple sugar?
Which carbohydrate is known to be found in the cell walls of plants?
Which carbohydrate is known to be found in the cell walls of plants?
What distinguishes a compound from an element?
What distinguishes a compound from an element?
What do neutrons and protons have in common?
What do neutrons and protons have in common?
Which statement about isotopes is true?
Which statement about isotopes is true?
Which of the following best describes atomic mass?
Which of the following best describes atomic mass?
What is a common function of carbohydrates?
What is a common function of carbohydrates?
What is the main function of trace elements in the human body?
What is the main function of trace elements in the human body?
Which process is responsible for forming polymers from monomers?
Which process is responsible for forming polymers from monomers?
Which property is characteristic of radioactive isotopes?
Which property is characteristic of radioactive isotopes?
Which type of macromolecule is primarily involved in storing genetic information?
Which type of macromolecule is primarily involved in storing genetic information?
What is the atomic number of an element?
What is the atomic number of an element?
What is the basic unit (monomer) of proteins?
What is the basic unit (monomer) of proteins?
Why are electrons often ignored in calculating atomic mass?
Why are electrons often ignored in calculating atomic mass?
Which macromolecule category does glycerol belong to?
Which macromolecule category does glycerol belong to?
What is hydrolysis primarily responsible for?
What is hydrolysis primarily responsible for?
Which of the following is an example of a lipid?
Which of the following is an example of a lipid?
What does the term 'macromolecule' primarily refer to?
What does the term 'macromolecule' primarily refer to?
What process occurs when water molecules attract sodium and chloride ions more strongly than the ions attract each other?
What process occurs when water molecules attract sodium and chloride ions more strongly than the ions attract each other?
Why does water have a higher boiling point compared to substances like oil or ethanol?
Why does water have a higher boiling point compared to substances like oil or ethanol?
What property of water describes the difficulty of breaking the surface of the liquid?
What property of water describes the difficulty of breaking the surface of the liquid?
Which term describes the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 °C?
Which term describes the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 °C?
How do cohesion and adhesion support plant life?
How do cohesion and adhesion support plant life?
What is the significance of water's high specific heat capacity in relation to environmental changes?
What is the significance of water's high specific heat capacity in relation to environmental changes?
Which property of water allows it to stick to the walls of plant cells?
Which property of water allows it to stick to the walls of plant cells?
What characteristic of molecules is responsible for water's cohesive nature?
What characteristic of molecules is responsible for water's cohesive nature?
Which statement accurately distinguishes between matter and mass?
Which statement accurately distinguishes between matter and mass?
What role do isotopes play in biological research?
What role do isotopes play in biological research?
Which of the following properties of water is crucial for maintaining temperature stability in organisms?
Which of the following properties of water is crucial for maintaining temperature stability in organisms?
Which of the following best describes covalent bonds?
Which of the following best describes covalent bonds?
What is the primary significance of the atomic number of an element?
What is the primary significance of the atomic number of an element?
Which statement accurately contrasts dehydration and hydrolysis reactions?
Which statement accurately contrasts dehydration and hydrolysis reactions?
What characteristic of carbon makes it uniquely suited for forming biological macromolecules?
What characteristic of carbon makes it uniquely suited for forming biological macromolecules?
Which of the following best describes radiation?
Which of the following best describes radiation?
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Study Notes
Matter and Elements
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
- Compounds consist of two or more elements in fixed ratios and have characteristics different from their constituent elements.
- Trace elements are essential minerals found in small amounts, like iron, zinc, and iodine.
Atoms and Subatomic Particles
- Atoms are the smallest unit of matter retaining the properties of an element.
- Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge).
- Protons and neutrons reside in the atomic nucleus, while electrons form a cloud around it.
Atomic Number and Mass
- Every element has a unique atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus.
- The mass number represents the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
- Atomic mass is the approximate total mass of an atom and is close to the mass number.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons.
- They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
Radioactive Isotopes
- Some isotopes are unstable and decay over time, releasing energy in the form of radiation.
- Radioactive isotopes have applications in medical research and diagnostics: they can be used to trace metabolic processes and diagnose diseases.
Properties of Water
- Cohesion: Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding, contributing to surface tension and allowing insects to walk on water.
- Adhesion: Water molecules attract to other substances, facilitating water transport in plants.
- High Specific Heat: Water resists changes in temperature due to strong hydrogen bonds, helping to moderate Earth's climate and maintain stable internal temperatures in organisms.
- Solvent Properties: Water acts as a universal solvent, dissolving many substances due to its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Bonding Properties of Carbon
- Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms, including itself.
- This allows for the formation of diverse organic compounds, including straight chains, branched chains, and rings.
Biological Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large polymers formed by joining smaller monomers.
- The four main classes of macromolecules are:
- Carbohydrates: Composed of monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two sugar units), and polysaccharides (long chains of sugar units).
- Lipids: Include fats, oils, steroids, and phospholipids.
- Proteins: Constructed from amino acids and have diverse functions, from structural support to enzymatic activity.
- Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA) and are composed of nucleotides.
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis
- Dehydration synthesis joins monomers together by removing a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis breaks down polymers by adding a water molecule.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building materials.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars such as glucose and fructose.
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates like starch (energy storage in plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals), and cellulose (structural support in plant cell walls).
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