Chemistry: Matter and Atoms

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Questions and Answers

Which type of carbohydrate is composed of long chains of sugar building blocks?

Monosaccharide

Oligosaccharide

Polysaccharide (correct)

Disaccharide

What is an example of a disaccharide?

Glucose

Cellulose

Fructose

Sucrose (correct)

Where can you typically find glycogen in the body?

In animal muscles and liver (correct)

In plant cell walls

In fruits and vegetables

In dairy products

Which of the following carbohydrates is a simple sugar?

Galactose Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is known to be found in the cell walls of plants?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a compound from an element?

A compound consists of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Signup and view all the answers

What do neutrons and protons have in common?

Both have approximately the same mass. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about isotopes is true?

Isotopes differ in the number of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes atomic mass?

It can be approximated by adding the number of protons and neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common function of carbohydrates?

Stores energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of trace elements in the human body?

They assist in vital biological functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for forming polymers from monomers?

Dehydration synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which property is characteristic of radioactive isotopes?

They can decay over time and emit energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macromolecule is primarily involved in storing genetic information?

Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element?

It indicates the number of protons in the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit (monomer) of proteins?

Amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Why are electrons often ignored in calculating atomic mass?

Their mass is negligible compared to protons and neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule category does glycerol belong to?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is hydrolysis primarily responsible for?

Breaking down polymers into monomers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a lipid?

Butter Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'macromolecule' primarily refer to?

Large molecules made from repeating units of similar compounds Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs when water molecules attract sodium and chloride ions more strongly than the ions attract each other?

Dissolving Signup and view all the answers

Why does water have a higher boiling point compared to substances like oil or ethanol?

It requires more energy to break its hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What property of water describes the difficulty of breaking the surface of the liquid?

Surface tension Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 °C?

Specific heat capacity Signup and view all the answers

How do cohesion and adhesion support plant life?

They facilitate water movement within the plant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of water's high specific heat capacity in relation to environmental changes?

It helps regulate temperature in aquatic environments. Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows it to stick to the walls of plant cells?

Adhesion Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of molecules is responsible for water's cohesive nature?

Hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately distinguishes between matter and mass?

Matter can exist in physical forms and has mass, while mass is a measurement of inertia. Signup and view all the answers

What role do isotopes play in biological research?

They can help track biological processes through radioactive decay. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of water is crucial for maintaining temperature stability in organisms?

High specific heat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes covalent bonds?

Involve sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of the atomic number of an element?

It identifies the number of protons in an atom's nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately contrasts dehydration and hydrolysis reactions?

Dehydration reactions release water while forming bonds, and hydrolysis breaks bonds using water. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of carbon makes it uniquely suited for forming biological macromolecules?

Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing for complex structure formation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes radiation?

Can be harmful or beneficial, depending on its dosage and application. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter and Elements

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
Compounds consist of two or more elements in fixed ratios and have characteristics different from their constituent elements.
Trace elements are essential minerals found in small amounts, like iron, zinc, and iodine.

Atoms and Subatomic Particles

Atoms are the smallest unit of matter retaining the properties of an element.
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles: protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge).
Protons and neutrons reside in the atomic nucleus, while electrons form a cloud around it.

Atomic Number and Mass

Every element has a unique atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleus.
The mass number represents the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
Atomic mass is the approximate total mass of an atom and is close to the mass number.

Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons.
They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Radioactive Isotopes

Some isotopes are unstable and decay over time, releasing energy in the form of radiation.
Radioactive isotopes have applications in medical research and diagnostics: they can be used to trace metabolic processes and diagnose diseases.

Properties of Water

Cohesion: Water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bonding, contributing to surface tension and allowing insects to walk on water.
Adhesion: Water molecules attract to other substances, facilitating water transport in plants.
High Specific Heat: Water resists changes in temperature due to strong hydrogen bonds, helping to moderate Earth's climate and maintain stable internal temperatures in organisms.
Solvent Properties: Water acts as a universal solvent, dissolving many substances due to its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds.

Bonding Properties of Carbon

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms, including itself.
This allows for the formation of diverse organic compounds, including straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

Biological Macromolecules

Macromolecules are large polymers formed by joining smaller monomers.
The four main classes of macromolecules are:
- Carbohydrates: Composed of monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two sugar units), and polysaccharides (long chains of sugar units).
- Lipids: Include fats, oils, steroids, and phospholipids.
- Proteins: Constructed from amino acids and have diverse functions, from structural support to enzymatic activity.
- Nucleic Acids: Store and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA) and are composed of nucleotides.

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Dehydration synthesis joins monomers together by removing a water molecule.
Hydrolysis breaks down polymers by adding a water molecule.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building materials.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars such as glucose and fructose.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates like starch (energy storage in plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals), and cellulose (structural support in plant cell walls).

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of matter, elements, and atomic structure in this quiz. Test your knowledge on subatomic particles, atomic numbers, and the differences between atoms and compounds. Perfect for chemistry enthusiasts and students alike.