Introduction to Language and Linguistics MT 212
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the READ TA project?

The Reading for Ethiopia’s Achievement Developed Technical Assistance Project (READ TA) is a five-year project (2012-2017) aimed to improve the reading and writing skills of primary grade students.

What are the two main language super-families that the Ethiopian languages fall under?

  • Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic
  • Sino-Tibetan and Nilo-Saharan
  • Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic
  • Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan (correct)

Match the following linguistic terms with their definitions:

Phonetics = The study of the production and perception of individual speech sounds Phonology = Branch of linguistics that describes how sounds are organized in syllables and words Morphology = The study of the internal structure of words and their meaningful parts Syntax = The study of how words are combined to create meaningful phrases, clauses, or sentences

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) uses one symbol to represent each speech sound in the world's languages.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of language?

<p>It is a system of gestures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between phoneme, phone and allophone?

<p>A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. A phone is the physical realization of a phoneme. Allophones are the variations in how a phoneme is pronounced due to phonetic context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference in meaning between a phrase and a clause.

<p>A phrase is a group of words that does not contain both a subject and a predicate, while a clause does. A clause is a smaller part of a sentence and can be either dependent or independent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two main types of morphemes?

<p>The two main types of morphemes are free morphemes and bound morphemes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of inflectional morphemes?

<p>To change the grammatical function of a word (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of word formation processes?

<p>Three common word formation processes are coinage, borrowing, and acronyms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of speech?

<p>Sentence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The active voice places the subject as the doer of the verb, making it the primary focus of the action, whereas the passive voice makes the object the primary recipient of the action.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between tone and intonation?

<p>Tone refers to the use of pitch to convey meaning at the word level, while intonation refers to the use of pitch to convey meaning at the sentence level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stress in speech is when a syllable or word is pronounced longer, louder, higher-pitched, or more clearly than other syllables or words.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an open syllable and a closed syllable?

<p>An open syllable ends in a vowel sound, while a closed syllable ends in a consonant sound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the module developed by the authors?

<p>To improve the reading and writing skills of fifteen million Ethiopian children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the scope of languages covered in the module?

<p>It may not represent all languages used in Ethiopia due to ongoing research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the authors' use of recent research-based studies indicate?

<p>They incorporate the latest findings in mother-tongue education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation mentioned about the module's content?

<p>It may not include the most recent language research developments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily credited with developing and revising the module?

<p>Specific individuals from Ethiopia's Ministry of Education and Florida State University (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phonetics primarily concerned with?

<p>The production and perception of speech sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following branches of phonetics deals specifically with speech organs?

<p>Articulatory phonetics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do graphemes relate to phonemes in phonetics?

<p>Graphemes are symbols that represent phonemes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in phonetics?

<p>To represent each distinct speech sound with a unique symbol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT commonly associated with articulatory phonetics?

<p>Acoustic properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do suprasegmental features in phonetics refer to?

<p>Features that extend beyond individual sounds, such as stress and intonation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes graphophonemic awareness?

<p>It connects the visual symbols used in writing to their corresponding sounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a code shift for an individual?

<p>Permanent loss of the native language (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of assessment technique involves individuals working alone to demonstrate understanding?

<p>Individual work (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?

<p>Each symbol represents a unique language sound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of the IPA?

<p>To show written forms of speech sounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically triggers a code shift in language use?

<p>Relocation to a new region or country (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The IPA includes symbols for which of the following?

<p>Consonants, vowels, diacritics, and suprasegmentals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a language evolve over time?

<p>Through social contact and change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol pair in the IPA chart represent?

<p>Voiced and voiceless sounds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process might occur as a person transitions from one dialect to another?

<p>Gradual loss of skills in the native dialect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a voiced plosive consonant in Amharic?

<p>g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What manner of articulation does the consonant 'l' illustrate in Amharic?

<p>Lateral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sounds is NOT categorized as a fricative in Amharic?

<p>k (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes labialized consonants in Amharic?

<p>They require simultaneous use of lips and soft palate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Amharic consonants is an ejective?

<p>t’ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the voiced nasal consonant 'ɲ' fall in the place of articulation categories?

<p>Palatal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of consonant is produced by the combination of labialized and velar features in Amharic?

<p>Plosive/stop (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Amharic, what function do glided sounds serve with labialized consonants?

<p>They signal a change in meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the quick movement between vowel positions in speech?

<p>Gliding between vowels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about diphthongs?

<p>They represent two vowel sounds in one. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example provided, which diphthong is represented by the sound found in the word 'my'?

<p>[аi] (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following languages utilizes diphthong fidels in its writing system?

<p>Amharic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the place of articulation of the initial sound in the word 'chin'?

<p>Palatal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the pronunciation of diphthongs in terms of duration?

<p>Longer than single vowels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs consists entirely of voiceless sounds (-v)?

<p>fish, crash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the manner of articulation for the initial sound in the word 'silly'?

<p>Fricative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does articulatory phonetics primarily study?

<p>The way speech sounds are produced by the speech organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an active articulator?

<p>Vocal cords (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acoustic phonetics is primarily concerned with which aspect of speech sounds?

<p>The properties of sounds during transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about auditory phonetics is correct?

<p>It studies how speech sounds are perceived by the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the study of phonetics vital according to Westermann and Ward?

<p>It aids in understanding how speech sounds are pronounced and perceived. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the speech organs categorized according to their function?

<p>By their ability to move and remain stationary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of active articulators in speech production?

<p>To shape the sound waves created by passive articulators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe auditory phonetics?

<p>Focuses on the articulation of speech sounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is phonetics?

Phonetics is the study of the production and perception of speech sounds that occur in all languages.

What is articulatory phonetics?

Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made or articulated by the speech organs.

What are active articulators?

Active articulators move towards passive articulators to constrict and shape the airflow.

What are passive articulators?

Passive articulators are stationary parts of the mouth that active articulators move towards.

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What is the 'voice box'?

The larynx is an important speech organ located on the front side of the neck. It houses the vocal folds.

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How do vocal folds create sound?

Vocal folds vibrate to produce voiced sounds, while voiceless sounds are produced without vibration.

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What is the glottis?

The space between the vocal folds is called the glottis. Sounds like [h] and some consonants in Amharic are produced here.

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What are some main speech organs?

Lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate/velum, tongue, and uvula are all speech organs.

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What does the velum do?

The velum is a muscular structure that moves up and down to control airflow.

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What happens when the velum is raised or lowered?

A raised velum seals the nasal cavity off, allowing for oral sounds. A lowered velum allows nasal sounds.

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What is the tongue's role in speech?

The tongue is the primary articulator for vowel sounds and also plays a role in consonant production.

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What are the different parts of the tongue?

The tip, front, central, back, and root of the tongue all contribute to sound articulation.

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What is a consonant?

Consonants are speech sounds made with some restriction of the air stream.

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What is the place of articulation?

The place of articulation describes where in the vocal tract the air constriction occurs during consonant production.

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What are bilabials?

Bilabials are made with a closure of both lips.

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What are labiodentals?

Labiodentals are produced by a constriction of the lower lip against the upper teeth.

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What are interdentals?

Interdentals are made with the tongue tip protruding between the front teeth.

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What are alveolars?

Alveolars are produced by the tongue contacting the alveolar ridge behind your teeth.

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What are retroflex sounds?

Retroflex sounds are made with the tongue tip curled back towards the palate, just behind the alveolar ridge.

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What are palatals?

Palatals are produced by the tongue’s central part raised towards the palate, sometimes with a retroflexed tongue tip or bunched tongue blade.

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What are velars?

Velars are made with the back of the tongue contacting the roof of the mouth, stopping airflow.

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What are uvulars?

Uvulars are created by retracting the back of the tongue to the uvula.

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What are pharyngeals?

Pharyngeals involve a constriction between the pharyngeal walls and the epiglottis.

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What are glottals?

Glottals are produced by a brief closure of the vocal folds, creating a slight puff of air.

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What is the manner of articulation?

Manner of articulation describes how the air stream changes during consonant production.

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What is voicing?

Voicing refers to whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating during consonant production.

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What is a vowel?

Vowels are speech sounds made with no significant obstruction of the air stream.

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What is tongue height?

Tongue height refers to how high or low the tongue is in the mouth when producing a vowel sound.

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What is tongue advancement?

Tongue advancement describes how far forward or back the tongue is in the mouth when producing a vowel sound.

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What is lip position?

Lip position refers to whether the lips are rounded or retracted when producing a vowel sound.

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What is phonetic transcription?

Phonetic transcription is the process of using IPA symbols to represent speech sounds in writing.

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What is a syllable?

A syllable is a unit of pronunciation that typically contains a vowel sound and can optionally include one or more consonant sounds.

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What is stress in phonetics?

Stress is the emphasis given to a specific syllable in a word or phrase.

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What is intonation?

Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speech, conveying meaning and emotion.

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What is tone in phonetics?

Tone is a system in which pitch plays a crucial role in distinguishing the meaning of words.

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What is length/gemination?

Length/gemination refers to the duration of a speech sound, where gemination is a doubling of the sound.

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Code shifting

The phenomenon where a speaker's native language or dialect changes, often due to prolonged exposure to a different language or dialect.

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Code mixing

The act of mixing words and phrases from different languages within a single conversation, often done by bilingual or multilingual speakers.

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Code switching

Switching between languages or dialects during a conversation, usually for a specific purpose like emphasizing a point or catering to a specific listener.

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What are speech sounds?

Speech sounds or 'phonemes' that occur in a language, such as 'p' or 'a'.

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What is the IPA?

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of written symbols representing all the speech sounds used in different languages. It provides a universal and consistent way to transcribe speech.

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What are the features of the IPA?

The IPA uses symbols based on the Roman alphabet plus additional symbols to accurately represent all speech sounds, unlike some letters that can represent multiple sounds.

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What are consonants?

Consonants are created by partially or fully blocking the airflow in the vocal tract. They are categorized by their place of articulation (where the blockage occurs) and manner of articulation (how the air is obstructed).

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What are vowels?

Vowels are sound created with no significant obstruction of airflow. They are characterized by the shape of the mouth, specifically the position of the tongue and the rounding of the lips.

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Place of Articulation

The place in the mouth where the air stream is constricted when making a consonant sound.

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Manner of Articulation

The way the air stream changes when making a consonant sound - stop, fricative, etc.

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Bilabial Consonant

A consonant produced by closing both lips together and releasing the air.

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Labiodental Consonant

A consonant produced by bringing the lower lip to the upper teeth.

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Alveolar Consonant

A consonant produced by raising the tongue towards the alveolar ridge, just behind the teeth.

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Velar Consonant

A consonant produced with the back of the tongue touching the soft palate.

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Glottal Consonant

A consonant produced by a brief closure and release of the vocal folds.

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Labialized Consonant

A consonant that's pronounced with a 'w' sound following it, without fully articulating the 'w'.

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What are active and passive articulators?

Active articulators, such as the lips and tongue, move towards passive articulators, like the alveolar ridge and palate, to shape the air stream.

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What is the tongue’s role in speech?

The tongue moves up, down, forward, and backward to create different speech sounds.

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What is the alveolar ridge?

The alveolar ridge is the bony bump behind your teeth, where sounds like [t] and [d] are made.

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What is the velum?

The velum, also called the soft palate, is a muscular structure that seals off the nasal cavity for oral sounds.

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How do the vocal folds work?

The vocal folds can be open or closed, producing voiced and voiceless sounds respectively.

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What is place of articulation?

The place of articulation describes the location in the mouth where air is constricted during consonant production.

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What is manner of articulation?

The manner of articulation refers to how the airflow is changed during consonant production, such as stopping, fricating, or approximating.

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What are diphthongs?

Diphthongs are two vowel sounds that are produced in quick succession, creating a single, longer sound. For example, the word 'boy' has a diphthong because it combines the sounds of 'oi' with a smooth transition.

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What are syllables?

Syllables are units of pronunciation in a word, typically containing a vowel sound and optional consonants. For example, the word 'cat' has one syllable.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Language and Linguistics (MT 212)

  • 2016 G.C. document produced with USAID/Ethiopia READ TA Project support
  • Course focuses on the introduction to language and linguistics, and is part of the READ-TA program
  • Module developed by a team from Florida State University and the Ethiopian Ministry of Education; collaboration with Regional State Educational Bureaus (RSEB), Colleges of Teacher Education (CTE) and the Ethiopian Ministry of Education (MoE).
  • Intended for teacher educators to improve their understanding and teaching of language; to help make teacher educators more competent to teach Introduction to Language and Linguistics (MT 212).
  • Module content is designed to improve the reading and writing skills of 15 million Ethiopian children; a five-year project (2012-2017) to improve reading and writing skills in seven mother tongue languages.
  • Project implemented by RTI International, in partnership with other organizations including Save the Children, Florida State University, SIL, Whiz Kids, Inveneo, and Africa Development Corps.

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Introduction to Language and Linguistics (MT 212) 2016 PDF

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Explore the fundamentals of language and linguistics in this course designed for teacher educators. Developed with support from USAID/Ethiopia, this module aims to enhance the reading and writing skills of millions of Ethiopian children. Join us to deepen your understanding and impact language education effectively.

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