Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT)

• IoT is the networking of smart objects, allowing intelligent communication between a large number of devices.
• It represents a framework where all things have a digital representation accessible via the internet, enabling Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication.
• According to the 2020 conceptual framework, IoT can be expressed as: IoT = Services + Data + Networks + Sensors.
• It involves physical objects or "things" which are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity to collect and exchange data.

Key Features of IoT

• IoT makes virtually anything "smart"
• It enhances life with data collection, AI algorithms, and networks.
• Networks can be smaller and cheaper.
• It creates small networks between system devices.
• Sensors define instruments that understand the real world.
• Loses its distinction without sensors
• It introduces a new active content, product, or service engagement.
• IoT uses purpose-built small devices for precision, scalability, and versatility.

Components of IoT

• IoT refers to the interconnected set of devices and systems with real-world sensors and actuators.
• A thing is a natural or man-made object with an IP address capable of transferring data over a network.
• Local networks use a gateway to translate communication protocols to Internet Protocol.
• The internet is the global network.
• Back-end services include enterprise data systems, PCs, and mobile devices.
• Data is the information captured by sensors.

History of IoT

• 1830s: Telegraph (the first landline)
• June 3, 1900: "Wireless telegraphy," the first radio voice transmission.
• 1950s: Computers development
• 1962: The Internet, by DARPA evolved into ARPANET in 1969, commercialized in the 1980s.
• 1993: Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) by the Department of Defense.
• Early 1980s: First examples of the Internet of Things was a Coca-Cola machine, located at Carnegie Mellon University.
• 1999: Kevin Ashton at MIT first described the Internet of Things.
• 2013: The Internet of Things evolved into a system using multiple technologies.
• It is a network of devices that sense, accumulate, and transfer data over the internet without human intervention This brings major changes in products, and services, and the social, economic, and political impacts of those.
• IoT evolved from machine-to-machine (M2M) communication.
• M2M refers to connecting a device to the cloud, managing it and collecting data.
• The first to describe the Internet of Things, was Kevin Ashton.
• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a prerequisite.
• If all devices were "tagged," computers could manage, track, and inventory

Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT

• Improved Customer Engagement is a key advantages.
• Includes technology optimization
• Reduced Waste via real-world information leading to more effective resource management.
• Enhanced Data Collection allows an accurate picture of everything.
• Privacy and Security, if bug in the system every connected device is corrupt.
• Absence of standards affects device interoperability.

Challenges of IoT

• Security issues
• Privacy issues due to personal data collection.
• Design, deployment and maintenance complexity.
• Flexibility is also a challenge.
• Compliance is challenging.

How IoT Works

• An IoT ecosystem typically includes web-enabled smart devices with embedded processors connected to sensors, actuators, and the internet.
• Sensors collect data from the environment and send it back to the smart device for analysis.
• Smart devices use communication protocols to send data to the cloud for analysis and remote access.
• The devices do most of the work without human intervention.
• The steps include setting up devices, giving instructions, and accessing data

IoT Process Stages

• Stage 1 (Sensors/Actuators) involves equipping things with sensors and actuators.
• Stage 2 (Data Acquisition Systems) involves converting data from analogue form to digital streams.
• Stage 3 (Edge Analytics) processes digitized and aggregated data.
• Stage 4 (Cloud Analytics) forwards data needing more in-depth processing to physical data centers.

Architecture of IoT

• The architecture includes sensing, network, data processing, and application layers.
• The device has hardware, software, network connectivity and sensors.
• It comprises of sensing, network and data layers.

IoT Layered Architecture and Network Layers

• It allows smart environments/spaces such as healthcare etc.
• Renders processing of information
• The architecture consists of service support , network/communication and Smart device/sensor layers.
• The sensing layer identifies phenomena in devices' peripheral and obtains data. This layer has various sensors.
• Actuators change the physical conditions that generate the data.
• Sensors are in three classifications: motion, environmental, and position.
• Network layer acts as communication to transfer data.
• The network layer uses diverse technologies.
• Data Processing Layer takes the data and analyzes to based on the results.
• Application Layer implements results.

Devices and Networks

• Can be categorized into consumer, enterprise and industry.
• Consumer devices include smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables, and smart appliances.
• Industrial IoT are smart meters, commercial security systems and smart city.
• Enterprise IoT are smart lighting, and smart security, smart sensors.
• Network devices have constrained resources like power, processing speed, and memory.
• Those devices may be in large areas.
• Networks require IoT efficient management.
• Developing of a device is hard because of the increasing number of devices characterized by their heterogeneity.

Challenges in device management

• There are security challenges but device management is hard due to constraints and heterogeneity.
• Scalability, interoperability and topology is difficult.
• M4DN management for deivce network is proposed for IoT networks and device management
• Outlines a management with local management to configure and remote and same different.

IoT Tools and Platforms

• Tools and Platforms are based on the Internet of Things and cloud technology
• KAA manages unlimited of devices.
• SiteWhere helps with self registration.
• ThingSpeak can collect/share data.
• DeviceHive supports big data.
• Zetta assembles smartphone apps.
• ThingsBoard does real time visualization.

IoT Applications (Homes, Cities and Farming)

• Smart Home: remotely manage and monitor different home devices via smartphones; remote Control, the weather
• Smart City: is defined with structural health through lightning; safety; transportation; smart parking; container usage
• Smart Framing: is to collect data and sensor data.
• Healthcare: Wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their; In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff; a patient has fallen or is suffering a heart attack.