Questions and Answers
What role does cellulose play in our digestive system?
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrates in animals?
What happens to excess glycogen if it is not used for energy?
What is a characteristic of chitin?
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Why might athletes participate in 'carb-loading' before an event?
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Which elements are considered important constituents of living systems?
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What is the primary reason carbon is referred to as the backbone of life?
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What types of arrangements can carbon skeletons take?
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Which of the following biomacromolecules has an amino and carboxyl functional group?
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What type of bond is commonly formed between carbon and other elements in organic compounds?
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What characteristic do functional groups impart to biomolecules?
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Which of the following is a correct statement about variations in carbon skeletons?
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What is the main feature of organic compounds?
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What is the primary purpose of dehydrogenation?
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Which of the following is a common use of anabolic steroids?
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Which type of fat is described as containing trans fats?
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What are some potential psychological side effects of oral corticosteroids?
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What is the main anabolic steroid hormone produced by the body?
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For how long can steroids remain detectable in urine when taken orally?
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Which of the following statements is true about partially hydrogenated fats?
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What are synthetic anabolic steroids primarily used for?
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Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of lipids?
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What is one of the key functions of lipids in the body?
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Which type of lipid is characterized by having one or more double bonds between carbon atoms?
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What distinguishes phospholipids from triglycerides?
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What is the primary structural feature of saturated fats?
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Which type of lipid is known for its role as a precursor to fat-soluble vitamins?
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What is the main reason for the solid state of most animal fats at room temperature?
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What is the process called when hydrogen is removed from a molecule?
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What type of bond is formed between two amino acids?
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Which of the following represents the primary structure of a protein?
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Which functional group is NOT commonly found in amino acids?
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What determines the diverse functionalities of proteins?
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Which of the following types of proteins primarily provide structural support?
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What level of protein structure involves interactions between multiple polypeptides?
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How many different types of R-groups are there in amino acids?
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What type of proteins help in the movement of substances across cell membranes?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Important Molecules of Life
- Sixteen essential elements in living systems include C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu, I, Mo, Zn.
- Organic compounds primarily consist of carbon (C) covalently linked to other elements like hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), or oxygen (O).
- Carbon is the backbone of life due to its ability to form diverse carbon skeletons, resulting in various organic molecules.
- Carbon skeletons vary in length, branching, and arrangement (straight chains, branched chains, rings).
- Each biomacromolecule features functional groups defining its chemical properties:
- DNA: phosphate group
- Proteins: amino and carboxyl groups
- Carbohydrates: hydroxyl groups
- Lipids: various functional groups.
Carbohydrates
- Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is indigestible and necessary for a healthy digestive tract.
- Glycogen serves as "animal starch," a storage carbohydrate formed from glucose chains; primarily stored in the liver and muscles.
- Athletes often engage in "carb-loading" to maximize glycogen storage for energy during endurance events.
- Excessive carbohydrate intake without energy expenditure converts glycogen to fat.
- Chitin, a polymer of beta-glucose with a nitrogen group, constitutes fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons; it's also indigestible.
Lipids
- Major types of lipids include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Lipids are primarily composed of C, H, and O, and are water-insoluble (hydrophobic).
- Functions of lipids include:
- Energy storage
- Protection and cushioning of organs
- Structural role in cell membranes
- Acting as chemical messengers (hormones).
- Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and typically come from animals; unsaturated fats are liquid and derived from plants.
- Hydrogenation converts liquid oils to solid fats and can produce trans fats, which are harmful.
Cholesterol and Steroids
- Cholesterol is a sterol vital for cellular function and a precursor for fat-soluble vitamins and steroid hormones.
- Anabolic-Androgen Steroids enhance muscle mass and strength by mimicking testosterone effects but can cause serious health issues.
Proteins
- Proteins are polymers composed of amino acids with key elements C, H, O, and N.
- Types of proteins include structural, storage, contractile, transport proteins, and enzymes.
- Functions of proteins encompass enzyme action, structural support, hormonal signaling, and immune responses.
- Peptide bonds form between amino acids: carboxyl group of one joins the amino group of another.
- Protein structure levels include:
- Primary: linear amino acid sequence
- Secondary: local folding (alpha helix, beta pleated sheet)
- Tertiary: overall 3D shape due to interactions between side chains
- Quaternary: assembly of multiple polypeptide chains.
Key Bonds in Biomolecules
- Peptide bond: connects amino acids in proteins.
- Ester linkage: connects fatty acids to glycerol in lipids.
- Glycosidic bond: connects monosaccharides in carbohydrates.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential molecules that make up living organisms, highlighting the role of carbon and the variety of organic compounds. It delves into the structures and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Test your knowledge on how these biomacromolecules contribute to life.
