Introduction to Immunology
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Questions and Answers

What type of immunity is primarily associated with T lymphocytes?

  • Humoral immunity
  • Passive immunity
  • Innate immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity (correct)

    • Which role do B lymphocytes play in the adaptive immune system?

  • Secreting enzymes that destroy pathogens
  • Producing specific immunoglobulins (correct)
  • Engulfing and presenting antigens
  • Generating memory cells for rapid response

    • What defines the adaptive immune system in contrast to the innate immune system?

  • Specificity to pathogens (correct)
  • Involvement of macrophages
  • Speed of response
  • Presence of antibodies

    • Which of the following statements about the adaptive immune system is true?

    <p>It requires prior exposure to an antigen for full efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a function of B lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Directly destroying infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon did he observe during certain mixing processes with red blood cells?

    <p>Agglutination of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system did he discover as a result of his observations of blood mixing?

    <p>ABO blood group system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the mixing processes contribute to his scientific discovery?

    <p>They revealed a blood group classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be inferred from his observation of red blood cells?

    <p>Certain processes can lead to cell clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of red blood cells allows for the discovery of different blood types?

    <p>Their reaction to mixing processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are interferons from animals not usable for human treatment?

    <p>There are genetic differences between humans and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the genes of the innate immune system compare to those of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Innate immune system genes are fewer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains the limitation of using animal interferons in human therapy?

    <p>Genetic differences hinder the effectiveness of animal interferons for humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical difference between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

    <p>The adaptive immune system has a greater diversity of genes than the innate immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true concerning the genetic makeup of the immune systems mentioned?

    <p>The innate immune system has fewer genetic components compared to the adaptive immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organ is primarily associated with the development of B cells in chickens?

    <p>Bursa of Fabricius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which gland are T cells first observed?

    <p>Thymus gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell was initially identified in the bursa of Fabricius?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thymus gland?

    <p>Maturation of T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between B cells and the bursa of Fabricius?

    <p>B cells originate in the bursa of Fabricius, which is vital for their development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a lymphocyte encounters its specific antigen?

    <p>It is selected to proliferate and produce clones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies?

    <p>To recognize and bind to specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the specificity of an antibody?

    <p>The unique structure of its binding site on the antigen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lymphocytes after they have produced clones?

    <p>They differentiate into effector and memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the interaction between antibodies and antigens?

    <p>Antibodies recognize and bind to specific epitopes on antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the infectious dose refer to in the context of infectious diseases?

    <p>The number of pathogenic microorganisms that enter the host body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the likelihood of acquiring an infectious disease be mathematically represented?

    <p>Infectious Dose (MO) x Virulence / Host defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the probability of acquiring an infectious disease according to the provided formula?

    <p>Infectious Dose (MO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by virulence in the context of infectious diseases?

    <p>The degree of pathogenicity or severity of disease caused by the microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would likely decrease the probability of acquiring an infectious disease?

    <p>Decreased virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary preventive measure against virus transmission via small droplets?

    <p>Continuous handwashing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a suggested method to prevent the spread of infections by small droplets?

    <p>Taking vitamin supplements regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tissues play in the prevention of air droplet infections?

    <p>They are used to cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a method for reducing infection transmission through droplets?

    <p>Regular use of face masks and hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of phagocytic cell is known to die during the immune response and contributes to the formation of pus cells?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phagocytic cells are characterized by their ability to survive the phagocytosis process?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to neutrophils after they have engaged in phagocytosis?

    <p>They undergo apoptosis and die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics distinguishes neutrophils from monocytes and macrophages?

    <p>Neutrophils can die during the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is renowned as the father of blood transfusion?

    <p>Karl Landsteiner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is primarily involved in the initial response to pathogens but is known to perish, forming pus in the process?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Bruce Glick make his significant discovery of two important immune cells?

    <p>1950</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Bruce Glick's primary contribution to immunology?

    <p>Identification of T and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the innate immune system?

    <p>It provides a fast nonspecific response to invading microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the work of Bruce Glick considered pivotal in the study of immunology?

    <p>He discovered a significant interaction between immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the immune cells discovered by Bruce Glick?

    <p>They play a key role in the adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the innate immune system differ from the adaptive immune system in terms of response time?

    <p>The innate immune system has a faster response time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pathogens does the innate immune system primarily target?

    <p>All invading microbes regardless of type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the innate immune system in the immune response?

    <p>It initiates immediate defense mechanisms against infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental limitation of the innate immune system?

    <p>Its capability to target pathogens specifically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes the role of antigens in the activation of B and T cells?

    <p>The clonal selection theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant aspect of the instructional theory regarding immune cell activation?

    <p>It asserts that antigens trigger a response from pre-existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of immune response development, what is a key difference between the clonal selection theory and the instructional theory?

    <p>The clonal selection theory relies on exposure to foreign antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the implication of clonal selection in immune response?

    <p>It creates a diverse range of cells for antigen recognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the clonal selection theory relate to the development of memory cells in the immune system?

    <p>It allows for the specific activation and lasting memory of encountered antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when immune cells mistakenly target and destroy self tissues?

    <p>Autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Thucydides observe about individuals infected with the plague?

    <p>They did not experience reinfection after recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of effector cells produced by the immune system?

    <p>To kill invading pathogens or produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of immunity, what is NOT associated with the action of effector cells?

    <p>Memory cell formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the connection between immunity and Thucydides' observation?

    <p>Recovery from infection typically leads to immunity against that infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interferon is primarily associated with antiviral responses?

    <p>Alpha interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is specifically associated with the initiation of the complement system?

    <p>Mannan-binding lectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the role of inflammatory mediators in the immune response?

    <p>They assist in recruiting immune cells to sites of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of immune defense, which is a primary function of gamma interferon?

    <p>Enhancing the antigen presentation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the complement system is incorrect?

    <p>It is always activated regardless of the type of pathogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T lymphocytes within the adaptive immune system?

    <p>To conduct cell-mediated immunity against infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunoglobulin class is primarily secreted by B lymphocytes during the adaptive immune response?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes differ in their roles within the adaptive immune system?

    <p>B lymphocytes are primarily responsible for pathogen identification, while T lymphocytes eliminate pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the adaptive immune system compared to the innate immune system?

    <p>It exhibits specificity and memory against particular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the adaptive immune response demonstrate memory after an initial exposure to a pathogen?

    <p>It leads to an immediate and stronger response upon re-exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe receptors that are not specific and identify a wide range of pathogens in the immune system?

    <p>Pattern recognition molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes adaptive system receptors in the immune response?

    <p>They are specifically tailored to unique antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the genetic makeup of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Adaptive system genes are highly complex and abundant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adaptive immune system receptors from those of the innate immune system?

    <p>Adaptive receptors are specific and target particular antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors do not adapt to new pathogens and maintain a consistent recognition pattern?

    <p>Pattern recognition molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment that patients with kidney failure must undergo before a kidney transplant?

    <p>Hemodialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of kidney transplantation for patients with kidney failure?

    <p>It restores normal kidney function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication can arise from the treatment process in kidney failure patients?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is hemodialysis necessary for patients suffering from kidney failure?

    <p>It filters toxins when kidneys cannot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of kidney transplant eligibility, what factor is most critical?

    <p>Presence of comorbidities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely reason for not administering a fourth or fifth dose of the hepatitis B vaccine?

    <p>A third dose is sufficient to achieve the necessary protective antibody levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a very high number of antibodies produced by a third dose be advantageous?

    <p>It ensures a rapid immune response to future hepatitis B exposures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of administering more than three doses of the hepatitis B vaccine?

    <p>Possibility of diminishing returns on antibody production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of immunological response, what is primarily achieved by the third dose of the hepatitis B vaccine?

    <p>It optimizes the production of memory cells for future immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential reason for vaccine protocols limiting doses to three in the case of hepatitis B?

    <p>Research has shown more doses than this do not significantly improve outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the likelihood of acquiring an infectious disease according to the provided formula?

    <p>Infectious dose, virulence, and host defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the infectious dose defined in the context of infectious diseases?

    <p>The number of pathogenic microorganisms that enter the host body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes factors that could decrease the likelihood of acquiring an infectious disease?

    <p>Improving host defenses and reducing infectious dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario would likely lead to a higher probability of acquiring an infectious disease based on the formula provided?

    <p>High infectious dose and moderate virulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innate immune system consists of physical barriers including skin and mucus membranes, as well as cells such as NK cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytic white blood cells do not play a role in the innate immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural killer cells are a type of phagocytic white blood cell that primarily target bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutropenia results in an increase in the number of neutrophils, leading to a strengthened immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils and macrophages are both considered non-phagocytic white blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The innate immune system is characterized by its ability to adapt to specific pathogens over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophilia is the condition marked by decreasing levels of neutrophils in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytic cells are crucial in the immune response and can attach to bacteria on their surface.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The color of bacteria cells is indicated as red and pink in the context of phagocytic interaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in neutrophils typically signifies a weakened immune response and a higher susceptibility to infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Immunology

    • Immunology is the study of the body's immune system and defense mechanisms
    • Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms (microbes)
    • Infectious dose (number of microbes entering the body) multiplied by virulence (ability of microbe to cause disease) divided by host defenses predicts the probability of getting sick
    • Immunocompetent hosts have a strong immune system to fight pathogens
    • Immunocompromised hosts have a weakened immune system that struggles to defend against pathogens

    Properties of the Immune System

    • Diversity: The immune system protects against a wide range of pathogens. Genetic diversity from parents influences this, with non-relative marriages potentially leading to stronger offspring immune systems.
    • Specificity: The adaptive immune system recognizes and targets specific pathogens.
    • Memory: The adaptive immune system remembers previous pathogens, allowing for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure (like vaccinations).

    Production of Effector Cells

    • Effector cells are produced by the immune system to kill or eliminate invading pathogens. They can do this by producing antibodies or engulfing the invading pathogens.

    Recognize Self from Non-Self

    • The immune system distinguishes between the body's own cells (self) and foreign invaders (non-self).
    • Autoimmune diseases occur when immune cells mistakenly attack the body's own tissues

    History of Immunology

    • Thucydides noted that recovered plague patients were immune to reinfection.
    • Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine, using cowpox to protect against smallpox.
    • Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine.
    • Eli Metchnikoff discovered phagocytosis.
    • Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types.

    Primary and Secondary Immune Response

    • Primary response: The immune system's initial response to an antigen. It takes time and is less potent.
    • Secondary response: Upon subsequent exposure to an antigen, the response is faster and stronger due to memory cells.

    Branches of the Immune System

    • Innate: Provides a rapid, non-specific defense against pathogens. Includes physical barriers (skin, mucus membranes), phagocytes, complement system and inflammatory mediators.
    • Adaptive: Provides a slower, targeted response to specific pathogens. T cells and B cells are involved, with memory cells leading to faster responses upon re-exposure.

    Immunology Achievements

    • Development of vaccines to weaken or eliminate pathogens
    • Treatment of hereditary immune system defects
    • Treatment for allergies and autoimmune diseases
    • Development of monoclonal antibodies

    The Innate Immune System

    • The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens
    • It composed of physical barriers, phagocytic cells, NK cells, complement, mannan-binding lectin, interferons, and inflammatory mediators
    • The innate immune system is interconnected with the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system sends signals to the adaptive immune system to activate when an infection happens.

    The Adaptive Immune System

    • The adaptive immune system is the body's second line of defense against pathogens. It has memory and specificity.
    • It is composed of T and B lymphocytes, cytokines (chemical substances), antigens, and antigen recognition molecules.
    • Antigens are substances that stimulate an immune response.
    • Antigenic determinants are specific parts of an antigen that are recognized by B or T cell receptors.

    Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated Immunity

    • Humoral immunity: Antibody-mediated response involving B cells, plasma cells and secreted antibodies targeting pathogens in body fluids
    • Cellular immunity: Cell-based response involving T cells direct attack on infected body cells.

    Active vs Passive Immunity

    • Active immunity: The body's own immune system develops antibodies or immune cells. (e.g., vaccines).
    • Passive immunity: The body receives antibodies from another source. (e.g., mother to infant).

    Cells of the Immune System

    • Neutrophils: Phagocytic cells (short-lived) that kill pathogens
    • Eosinophils: Effective against parasites and in allergic reactions
    • Macrophages: Phagocytic cells; antigen presentation
    • Mast cells: Release histamine in allergic reactions
    • Natural killer (NK) cells: Kill infected cells

    Differences between B and T cells

    • B cells can directly recognize antigens
    • T cells require antigens presented on MHC molecules.

    Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

    • Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T cells.

    The Effect of Multiple Doses in Hepatitis B Vaccination

    • First dose: slow, low response.
    • Second dose: faster, more potent response
    • Third dose: Protective levels of antibodies to HBsAg.
    • This is because the body produces more antibodies and more memory cells.

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