Introduction to Human Anatomy

Introduction to Human Anatomy

• This lecture provides an introduction to human anatomy

Course Instructors

• Dr. Hend M. Hassan is a Lecturer of Human Anatomy & Embryology at New Mansoura University, with the email [email protected] and phone number 01289398833
• The Anatomy Team includes Dr. Hend Hassan (Mansoura), Ass. Prof. Amira Farag (Kafr El-Sheikh), and Dr. Marwa El-Mansy (Zagazig)
• The Histology Team consists of Dr. Walaa Hamed, Dr. Eman Shaaban, Dr. Sherine Shawky (all from Mansoura), and Dr. Tamer Gomaa (Al-Azhar)

Course Timetable, Roles and Assessment

• Anatomy & Histology lectures (BMS103-LCT) take place Saturdays and Tuesdays 9:00-11:00 AM
• Practical sessions are held Saturdays & Tuesdays from 11:00 AM - 12:30 PM and 2:00 PM, with Anatomy and Histology each lasting 90 minutes
• PDF files are the source of studying for lectures and practicals available on LMS
• Assessment is based on Midterm (20 marks), Practical (20 marks), Attendance & Activity (20 marks), and Final (40 marks) with a total of 100 marks

Topics Covered

• What is Anatomy?
• Levels of Structural Organization
• Anatomical Position
• Anatomical Planes
• Anatomical Terminology

What is Anatomy?

• The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Organization of the Human Body

• Cell: the basic structural and functional unit of the body
• Tissue: a group of similar cells performing a specific function
• Organ: a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function
• System: a group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose
• Organism: the complete living individual

Anatomical Position

• Body is erect
• Face looks forward
• Feet are together and slightly apart
• Upper limbs are beside the body
• Palms face forward

Anatomical Planes

• Transverse: Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts.
• Coronal: Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.
• Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left parts.
• Parasagittal: Divides the body into unequal right and left parts.

Anatomical Terms (Position)

• Superior: Towards the head
• Inferior: Away from the head, towards the feet
• Anterior: Towards the front of the body
• Posterior: Towards the back of the body
• Median: On the median plane
• Medial: Near to the median plane
• Lateral: Away from the median plane
• Proximal: Near to the root of the limb
• Distal: Away from the root of the limb
• Superficial: Towards or at the body surface
• Deep: Away from the body surface

Anatomical Terms (Movement)

• Extension: Increasing the angle between two bones
• Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two bones
• Medial Rotation: Rotation towards the midline
• Lateral Rotation: Rotation away from the midline
• Abduction: Movement away from the midline
• Adduction: Movement towards the midline
• Pronation: Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posterior
• Supination: Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anterior
• Inversion: Rotation of the foot so that the sole is directed inward
• Eversion: Rotation of the foot so that the sole is directed outward
• Elevation: Moving up
• Depression: Moving down
• Retraction: Moving backward
• Protraction: Moving forward

The skin

• The following information relates to the skin and its structure
• Dr. Hend M. Hassan is the lecturer of Human Anatomy & Embryology
• The email is [email protected]
• The date 2024-2025 is relevant to the material

Topics of the skin

• Functions of the skin
• Layers of the skin
• Hair Structure
• Nail structure
• Sweat and sebaceous glands

The Skin Defined

• The largest organ in the human body

Functions of the Skin

• Protection of underlying tissues
• Protection against microorganisms
• Regulation of body temperature
• Activation of Vitamin D
• Absorption of certain substances
• Excretion of some waste products in sweat
• Collection of information from the external environment includes temperature, pain, and pressure

Layers of Skin

• Dermis
• Epidermis
• The skin comprises of these two layers

Epidermis

• It has a superficial layer of the skin
• It is epithelium
• The cells of the deep layer have the capacity for regeneration via mitotic division
• It is avascular, but has sensory nerve endings

Dermis

• It is the deep layer of the skin
• It is connective tissue
• Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings, smooth muscle, hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous glands

Appendages of Skin

• Hair
  • Consists of a root embedded in the skin and a shaft projecting on the surface
  • Hair follicles are formed by the root of the hair surrounding the sheath of epidermal cells
  • The duct of sebaceous (oil) glands open in the hair follicle
  • Arrector pili muscle is involuntary, smooth muscle moving the hair
  • the hair papilla is a small conical vascular projection at the bottom of the follicle
• Sebaceous Gland
  • Present in the dermis
  • Its duct opens into the hair follicle
  • It secretes sebum, an oily material which softens and lubricates the skin/hair
• Sweat Glad
  • Present in the dermis
  • Its duct opens on the surface of the skin
  • It secretes sweat
• Nails
  • Consist of a root is embedded in the skin
  • The body is exposed and has free distal edge
  • The nail fold consists of folds of the skin surrounding the nail root

Summary of the Skin

• The skin is formed of the epidermis and dermis
• The epidermis is avascular but has sensory nerve endings
• The dermis is formed of connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory nerve endings, smooth muscle, hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous glands
• The appendages of the skin are hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails