Human Anatomy: Histology of Bone Structures
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Questions and Answers

What happens to chondrocytes in the zone of maturing cartilage?

  • They enlarge. (correct)
  • They calcify the matrix.
  • They undergo apoptosis.
  • They undergo mitosis.

    • What characterizes the zone of calcifying cartilage?

  • Chondrocytes remain unchanged.
  • Chondrocytes calcify the matrix and die. (correct)
  • Osteoblasts form new bone.
  • Chondrocytes undergo cell division.

    • What type of connective tissue is predominantly formed in the zone of ossification?

  • Cartilage.
  • Trabecular bone. (correct)
  • Adipose tissue.
  • Fibrous tissue.

    • What process is primarily responsible for the increase in diameter of long bones?

    <p>Appositional growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the vascular invasion in the zone of ossification?

    <p>Osteoblasts lay down osteoid on the cartilage matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the zone of calcifying cartilage is true?

    <p>Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis after calcifying the matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osteoclasts play during bone growth?

    <p>They resorb calcified cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you observe during the transition from the zone of calcifying cartilage to the zone of ossification?

    <p>Formation of a marrow cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial tissue type from which intramembranous bone formation develops?

    <p>Mesenchyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does endochondral bone formation predominantly occur?

    <p>Long bones, short bones, and irregular bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the transformation of woven bone into lamellar bone?

    <p>Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do osteoblasts play in intramembranous bone formation?

    <p>They secrete osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the initial formation of a hyaline cartilage model in endochondral bone formation?

    <p>Chondroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development does intramembranous bone formation begin?

    <p>Fetal life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of many ossification centers fusing during intramembranous bone formation?

    <p>Creation of a network of trabeculae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the surrounding mesenchyme after intramembranous bone formation?

    <p>It forms the periosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bone remodeling?

    <p>To replace old bone with new bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of artery is responsible for supplying blood to the periosteum and outer compact bone?

    <p>Periosteal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vitamin D contribute to bone health?

    <p>It helps in calcium absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nutrient arteries in bone structure?

    <p>They provide nutrients to the marrow cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of bone health is directly affected by vitamin C deficiency?

    <p>Collagen formation in bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process allows bones to adapt to changes in external load?

    <p>Bone Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the Haversian and Volkmann canals primarily located?

    <p>Inside the compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of calcium homeostasis being disrupted?

    <p>Development of bone defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step that occurs immediately after a bone fracture?

    <p>Hemorrhage in the immediate area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells differentiate into chondroblasts during soft callus formation?

    <p>Osteoprogenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of tissue that forms during the soft callus stage after a fracture?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process replaces hyaline cartilage with primary bone during fracture healing?

    <p>Endochondral bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone replaces trabecular bone during the remodeling phase of fracture repair?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural feature that distinguishes lamellar bone from woven bone?

    <p>Regular alignment of collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of an osteon?

    <p>Perforating fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Volkmann's canal in compact bone?

    <p>To connect adjacent Haversian canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is woven bone primarily found?

    <p>In developing bone and under pathologic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the composition of compact bone?

    <p>Comprised of cylindrical units called osteons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates spongy bone from compact bone?

    <p>Internal porous structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do interstitial lamellae represent in compact bone?

    <p>Spaces between osteons filled with extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the periosteum serve in relation to compact bone?

    <p>It consists of a fibrous layer with blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Types of Bone Structure

    • Macroscopic structure of mature bone includes compact (cortical) and spongy (cancellous) bone.
    • Microscopic structure of bone can be classified into lamellar bone characterizing mature bone and woven bone typical of immature bone.
    • Lamellar bone features regular alignment of collagen fibers, found in both compact and spongy bone of healthy adults.
    • Woven bone displays irregular collagen fiber alignment, present during development and in pathologic conditions such as healing fractures.

    Components of Compact Bone

    • Compact bone comprises cylindrical units called osteons or Haversian systems.
    • Each osteon contains:
      • Haversian canals at the center housing blood vessels and nerves.
      • Concentric lamellae (4-15 layers) surrounding the canal with collagen fibers oriented parallel within lamellae and perpendicular between adjacent lamellae.
      • Osteocytes in lacunae with processes extending through canaliculi.
    • Volkmann’s canals connect Haversian canals transversely.
    • Periosteum: the outer fibrous layer includes blood vessels and nerves, allowing vascularization through Volkmann’s canals.

    Bone Formation Processes

    • Two primary methods of bone formation:
      • Intramembranous ossification: Bone develops from mesenchyme, primarily in flat bones.
      • Endochondral ossification: Bone forms from hyaline cartilage, predominant in long, short, and irregular bones.

    Intramembranous Bone Formation

    • Occurs in flat bones of the skull, beginning in fetal life.
    • Involves:
      • Mesenchymal cells condensing into a vascularized membrane-like structure.
      • Differentiation into osteoprogenitor cells, which then become osteoblasts.
      • Osteoblasts secrete and mineralize osteoid, ultimately leading to the formation of osteocytes as they get encapsulated.

    Endochondral Bone Formation

    • Takes place in long, short, and irregular bones, starting in fetal development.
    • Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts forming a hyaline cartilage model, which is later replaced by bone.
    • Key regions in the epiphyseal growth plate include:
      • Zone of Proliferating Cartilage: Rapidly dividing chondrocytes.
      • Zone of Maturation and Hypertrophy: Enlarged chondrocytes.
      • Zone of Calcifying Cartilage: Chondrocyte death and calcification.
      • Zone of Ossification: Osteoblast activity leading to bone formation.

    Bone Growth

    • Appositional growth: Width increase occurs from the periosteum.
    • Remodeling allows adaptation to stress and maintains bone density according to Wolff’s law.

    Vascular Supply to Bones

    • Long bones receive blood from:
      • Nutrient, epiphyseal, metaphyseal, and periosteal arteries.
    • Short bones rely primarily on nutrient arteries, while flat and irregular bones receive a combination of nutrient and periosteal arteries.
    • Blood vessels penetrate through compact bone into the marrow cavity via Haversian and Volkmann’s canals.

    Bone Health and Maintenance

    • Vitamins C and D are essential for maintaining bone health.
    • Deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to bone defects or impaired growth.

    Fracture Repair Process

    • Initially involves hemorrhage and formation of a procallus (granulation tissue).
    • Soft callus formation involves chondroblasts converting granulation tissue into cartilaginous tissue.
    • Bony callus formation replaces the soft callus with woven bone.
    • Final remodeling converts woven bone into compact bone, establishing lamellar structure.

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