Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Human Anatomy

• Human anatomy studies the structure and function of the human body
• Organization of the body progresses from chemical to organismal level
• Covers cell and tissue types, then individual body systems
• Uses resources like "Human Anatomy: The Definitive Visual Guide" and "Atlas and Text-Book of Human Anatomy"

The Human Body: An Orientation

• Anatomy: The study of the body's structure and shape, and how body parts relate
• The word "anatomy" comes from Greek, meaning "a part" and "to cut"
• Gross anatomy: Study of large visible structures
• Microscopic anatomy: Study using microscopes to observe the smallest body parts

Physiology

• Physiology: The study of how body parts function
• Physiology, like anatomy, is subdivided into various fields (e.g., neurophysiology, cardiac physiology) to study different bodily functions

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology

• Structure influences function.
• Examples include the thin walls of the lungs allowing gas exchange, and the muscular heart pumping blood

Levels of Structural Organization

• 6 levels of organization in the human body
• Chemical level: atoms combine to molecules
• Cellular level: smallest living units
• Tissue level: Groups of similar cells
• Organ level: Structures with specific functions
• Organ system level: Several organs cooperating
• Organismal level: The entire functioning human being

Body Systems

• The human body has 11 systems:
• Integumentary
• Skin, waterproofs, cushions and protects deeper tissues, excretes, regulates temperature and synthesizes vitamin D
• Skeletal
• Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints, protect and support body organs, framework for muscle movement and store minerals
• Muscular
• Skeletal muscle, contraction and movement, facial expression, posture and produces body heat
• Nervous
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors; fast-acting central control system, responses to internal and external stimuli
• Endocrine
• Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes; slow-acting control system, regulates growth, metabolism and reproductions.
• Circulatory
• Heart, blood vessels, capillaries, and blood; carries O2, nutrients, hormones to tissues, and eliminates waste from carbon dioxide
• Lymphatic
• Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen and tonsils, complements circulatory system
• Respiratory
• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; maintains air supply with oxygen and removes CO2 from the body
• Digestive
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus (liver and pancreas); breaks down food
• Urinary
• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; eliminates waste and maintains water and electrolyte balance
• Reproductive
• Male: seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum
• Female: ovaries, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes; primary function of both sexes is to produce offspring

This quiz explores the fundamentals of human anatomy and physiology, focusing on the structure and function of the human body. It covers topics from cell types to body systems, illustrating the close relationship between anatomy and physiology. Ideal for students aiming to understand the organization of the body.