Human Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Kidneys

• Kidneys produce urine.

Heart Coverings

• The tissue covering the heart is the pericardium.

Layers of Skin

• Skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Diabetes Phases

• Diabetes has two main phases: the pre-diabetic phase and the diabetic phase.

Menstruation Cycle

• The menstruation cycle is a complex hormonal process involving the ovaries, uterus, and other reproductive organs. It has phases like the follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, and menstruation.

Accessory Glands

• Accessory glands in the reproductive system play a role in producing fluids that support the sperm or egg.

STD-causing Bacteria

• Bacteria like Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause STIs.

Heart Parts

• The heart has four chambers (right and left atria, right and left ventricles), valves (mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, aortic), and vessels (aorta, vena cava).

Large and Small Intestine

• The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from digested food. The small intestine absorbs nutrients.

Inspiration

• Inspiration is the act of inhaling air.

Larynx

• The larynx is the voice box.

Nose/Nasal Cavities

• Nasal cavities are the air passages in the nose.

Pyloric Sphincter

• The pyloric sphincter is a ring of muscle that controls the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.

Nerve Impulse Definition

• A nerve impulse is an electrochemical signal that travels along a neuron.

Enzyme Functions

• Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions in the body.

Pepsin Function

• Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme found in the stomach. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

Arteries Function

• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body tissues.

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea

• Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are bacteria that cause the STIs chlamydia and gonorrhea, respectively.

Internal and External Respiration

• External respiration is the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. Internal respiration occurs in the tissues when blood gives off oxygen to cells and takes up carbon dioxide.

Thyroid Gland Functions

• The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

Heart Functions

• The heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.

Nerve Pathway

• Nerves relay signals to and from the brain and body, allowing actions and reactions to stimuli.

Polyunsaturated Oils

• Polyunsaturated oils are a type of fat containing more than one double or triple bond.

Complete and Incomplete Proteins

• Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids. Incomplete proteins are lacking one or more essential amino acids.