Introduction to Human Anatomy and Integumentary System

Introduction to Human Anatomy

• Professor Dr. Abeer El-Said El-Mehi, of Menoufia University, is the presenter.
• The image displays a full-body diagram of a human with labelled organs and systems.
• The anatomy diagram highlights major internal organs like the brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, spleen, and pancreas..
• The diagram also shows the bladder and gallbladder.

Integumentary System

• The integumentary system consists of the skin.
• Skin appendages include hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails.
• The skin functions in protecting the body from environmental insults.
• Micro-organisms and ultraviolet irradiation are examples.
• It maintains body temperature by vasodilation (cooling) and vasoconstriction (warming).
• Skin helps to prevent excessive water loss from the body surface.
• Sensory receptors in the skin provide perception of external stimuli, including pain and touch..
• Skin plays a role in vitamin D synthesis.

Skin Layers

• Epidermis: The top, superficial layer of the skin, which is thinner.
• Epidermis: This layer is made of epithelial cells.
• Epidermis: It is avascular (no blood vessels).
• Dermis: The deeper layer of the skin, which is thicker.
• Dermis: Made of connective tissue.
• Dermis: Has blood vessels.
• Dermis: Contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and associated structures.
• Subcutaneous: The subcutaneous layer is beneath the dermis.
• Subcutaneous: It is comprised of connective tissue and subcutaneous fat

Skin Appendages

• Hair, hair follicles, sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine), sebaceous glands, nails are discussed in terms of skin appendages

Fascia

• Fascia: A tough, fibrous membrane found deep to the superficial fascia.
• Fascia: It's is found in the limbs and forms intermuscular septa.
• Fascia: It is absent from the anterior abdominal wall and face.

Muscular System

• Skeletal muscle: The most abundant muscle in the body.
• Skeletal muscle: The skeletal muscle is attached to bones.
• Skeletal muscle: It's voluntarily controlled.
• Skeletal muscle: The skeletal muscle is supplied by somatic nerves.
• Smooth muscle: Found in internal organs and blood vessels.
• Smooth muscle: It's involuntarily controlled.
• Smooth muscle: Supplied by autonomic nerves.
• Cardiac muscle: In the walls of the heart (myocardium).
• Cardiac muscle: It's involuntary.
• Cardiac muscle: Supplied by the autonomic nervous system.

Skeletal Muscles

• Origin: The proximal (closer to the body) end of the muscle.

• Insertion: The distal (further from the body) end of the muscle.

• Belly: The fleshy part of the muscle.

• Tendon: The cord of fibrous tissue that attaches muscles to bones; it is the non-contractile connective tissue part of the muscle

• Aponeurosis: The sheet-like fibrous tissue that attaches muscles to bones or other structures (in some cases).

• Raphe: Interdigitations of muscles

• Actions:

  • Prime mover (agonist); the principal muscle causing a specific movement.
  • Antagonist; opposes the action of the prime mover.
  • Fixator; stabilizes the origin of the prime mover.
  • Synergist; assists the action of the prime mover

• Fixators: Stabilize one attachment point, so the other end moves during a body action.