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What is one mechanism by which oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
What is one mechanism by which oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
Which is a common side effect associated with combination oral contraceptives?
Which is a common side effect associated with combination oral contraceptives?
Which hormonal contraceptive method involves injecting progestin every three months?
Which hormonal contraceptive method involves injecting progestin every three months?
What is the purpose of the Norplant system in hormonal contraception?
What is the purpose of the Norplant system in hormonal contraception?
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What can be a long-term benefit of using hormonal contraceptives?
What can be a long-term benefit of using hormonal contraceptives?
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What is a common risk associated with estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women?
What is a common risk associated with estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women?
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Which of the following factors can increase the risk of adverse effects from oral contraceptives?
Which of the following factors can increase the risk of adverse effects from oral contraceptives?
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What is the mechanism of action of post-coital contraceptives?
What is the mechanism of action of post-coital contraceptives?
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Which hormone therapy can help reduce the risk of breast cancer in menopausal females?
Which hormone therapy can help reduce the risk of breast cancer in menopausal females?
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What can testosterone replacement therapy potentially lead to in males?
What can testosterone replacement therapy potentially lead to in males?
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Which of the following is NOT an indication for hormonal contraception?
Which of the following is NOT an indication for hormonal contraception?
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Which hormonal contraceptive is delivered via a skin patch?
Which hormonal contraceptive is delivered via a skin patch?
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What adverse effect may transgender individuals experience due to anti-androgens?
What adverse effect may transgender individuals experience due to anti-androgens?
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What is a primary concern when using estrogen alone for hormone replacement therapy?
What is a primary concern when using estrogen alone for hormone replacement therapy?
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Which type of hormonal contraceptive does NOT induce a withdrawal period?
Which type of hormonal contraceptive does NOT induce a withdrawal period?
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What is an important consideration for post-menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy?
What is an important consideration for post-menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy?
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What is the primary action of clomiphene in infertility treatment?
What is the primary action of clomiphene in infertility treatment?
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Which of the following is true regarding the risk factors for adverse effects associated with hormonal contraception?
Which of the following is true regarding the risk factors for adverse effects associated with hormonal contraception?
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Which group should consider hormone replacement therapy with caution due to cancer risks?
Which group should consider hormone replacement therapy with caution due to cancer risks?
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What other health risks need to be addressed for individuals on transgender hormone therapy?
What other health risks need to be addressed for individuals on transgender hormone therapy?
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What defines the term 'breakthrough bleeding' in the context of hormonal contraceptives?
What defines the term 'breakthrough bleeding' in the context of hormonal contraceptives?
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What effect does androgen replacement therapy have on bone density for elderly males?
What effect does androgen replacement therapy have on bone density for elderly males?
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Which hormone therapy is specifically used for treating estrogen-sensitive breast cancer?
Which hormone therapy is specifically used for treating estrogen-sensitive breast cancer?
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What is a potential adverse effect of prolonged estrogen therapy?
What is a potential adverse effect of prolonged estrogen therapy?
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What is the role of progestin in estrogen therapy?
What is the role of progestin in estrogen therapy?
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What should be monitored in transgender men undergoing testosterone therapy?
What should be monitored in transgender men undergoing testosterone therapy?
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Which treatment is used as part of breast cancer chemotherapy in premenopausal females?
Which treatment is used as part of breast cancer chemotherapy in premenopausal females?
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What is the primary function of antiprogestin medications like mifepristone in the context of contraception?
What is the primary function of antiprogestin medications like mifepristone in the context of contraception?
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In hormone replacement therapy for females, what is typically administered to address low estrogen levels?
In hormone replacement therapy for females, what is typically administered to address low estrogen levels?
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What condition may arise in males resulting from a failure in hormone secretion?
What condition may arise in males resulting from a failure in hormone secretion?
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What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of oral contraceptives?
What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of oral contraceptives?
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Hormone replacement therapy in transgender individuals typically aims to achieve what?
Hormone replacement therapy in transgender individuals typically aims to achieve what?
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What treatment is commonly used in females aged 11-13 to manage hormonal changes after growth is completed?
What treatment is commonly used in females aged 11-13 to manage hormonal changes after growth is completed?
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Which statement accurately reflects the use of post-coital contraceptives?
Which statement accurately reflects the use of post-coital contraceptives?
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What typically characterizes secondary hypogonadism in males?
What typically characterizes secondary hypogonadism in males?
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What hormonal therapy can be effective in delaying puberty in females with insufficient estrogen production?
What hormonal therapy can be effective in delaying puberty in females with insufficient estrogen production?
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What is the purpose of administering a dose of estrogen in hormone replacement therapy?
What is the purpose of administering a dose of estrogen in hormone replacement therapy?
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Study Notes
Gonadosteriods Introduction
- Hormones produced by testes or ovaries
- Stimulate reproductive organs and germ cell maturation
- Drive secondary sex characteristics
Female Sex Hormones
- Estradiol (primary estrogen in females)
- Involved in female sex characteristic development and maintenance
- Secreted by ovaries
- Progesterone
- Secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta
- Maintains the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy
Male Sex Hormones
- Testosterone (primary male sex hormone)
- Produced mainly by testes
- Regulates gene expression
- Essential for primary and secondary sex characteristic development
- Promotes sperm maturation and increase muscle mass
Therapeutic Indications
- Hormonal contraception for females
- Hormone transplant therapy
- Transgender hormonal therapy
- Breast cancer treatment
- Prostate cancer treatment
- Infertility treatment
- Menstrual disorders
- Endometriosis
- Acne
- Anemia
- Used as anabolic agents
Hormonal Contraceptives
- MOA: Suppresses the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus in the brain
- Resulting drop in LH and FSH inhibits follicular maturation
- Altering endocervical gland secretions (thicker fluid) making sperm migration difficult
- These drugs are not suitable for implantation of a fertilized ovum
Types of Hormonal Preparations: Oral Contraceptives
- Fixed combinations:
- Fixed estrogen and progesterone
- Multiphasic:
- Variable progesterone with a fixed estrogen dose (increasing dosage throughout the cycle to mirror normal ovarian cycle)
- Continuous:
- Daily dose of hormones with no break, eliminating menstruation
- Mini-pill:
- Daily dose of progestin (only) as needed
Adverse Effects of Combination Oral Contraceptives
- Blood clots (increased risk of heart attack and stroke - especially in smokers or obese patients above 35)
- Hypertension (believed to be caused by estrogen - more prevalent in women above 35)
- Cancer (risk of endometrial, ovarian, colorectal, breast, and cervical cancers slighlty increased, however)
Non-Contraceptive Benefits
- Reduced risk of ovarian cysts
- Reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer
- Reduced incidence of ectopic pregnancy
- Reduces iron deficiency anemia
- Reduced acne and hirsutism (excessive body hair)
Other Hormonal Contraceptives
- Depo-provera (injectable progestin): intramuscularly every 3 months
- Transdermal contraceptive patches: constant rate for 7 days
- Norplant (silicone tubes releasing a progestin): implanted under the skin (released over 5 years)
- Vaginal contraceptive ring: placed in vagina for 21 days of 28 day cycle (new ring in next month)
- Intrauterine device (IUD): effective for 5 years
Relative Effectiveness of Various Methods of Hormonal Contraception
- Presents efficacy data for various methods (e.g., estrogen-progestin O.C., transdermal path, vaginal ring, progestin-only pill, Depo-provera, IUD-progestin, in terms of perfect use rates and typical use rates)
Post-Coital Contraceptives
- Estrogen: often taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex to prevent potential pregnancy
- Antiprogestins (e.g., mifepristone): can induce uterine bleeding to terminate early pregnancy
Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Hypogonadism: reducing/absence of hormone secretion (orgonadal activity)
- Treatments vary for women & men based on differing physiological needs
Postmenopausal Females
- Menopause: characterized by cessation of ovarian function, causing symptoms like hot flashes and sleep issues
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): can alleviate symptoms but has potential risks (e.g., increased risk of blood clots, stroke, or certain cancers)
Elderly Males
- Cancer risks may increase with age
- Androgen production decreases with age affecting muscle mass and libido
- Preliminary studies on androgen replacement show mixed results
Transgender Individuals
- Transgender women: hormone therapy includes estrogen and androgen blockers like spironolactone
- Transgender men: receive testosterone
Hormone Therapy in Cancer Treatment
- Tamoxifen: selective estrogen receptor modulator for estrogen-sensitive breast cancers
- Androgens can be used for chemotherapy in premenopausal women to treat breast tumors
- Anti-androgens useful for prostate cancer
Infertility Treatment
- Clomiphene: an anti-estrogen drug that induces ovulation
- Used for infertility treatment
Post-Coital (Abortion) Drugs
- Estrogen and anti-progestins (like mifepristone) to potentially induce early abortion or prevent the implantation of a fertilized ovum
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of gonadosteroids, focusing on female and male sex hormones like estradiol and testosterone. It explores their functions, therapeutic indications, and their roles in the development of secondary sex characteristics. Perfect for students studying human physiology and endocrinology.
