Introduction to Gonadosteroids and Hormones
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What is one mechanism by which oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy?

  • They increase sperm production.
  • They suppress the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). (correct)
  • They alter the pH of the uterus.
  • They stimulate ovulation.

Which is a common side effect associated with combination oral contraceptives?

  • Increase in bone density.
  • Decreased risk of thrombosis.
  • Low libido.
  • Increased appetite and weight gain. (correct)

Which hormonal contraceptive method involves injecting progestin every three months?

  • Depo-Provera. (correct)
  • Oral contraceptives.
  • Transdermal patch.
  • Norplant.

What is the purpose of the Norplant system in hormonal contraception?

<p>To block ovulation via long-term implantation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a long-term benefit of using hormonal contraceptives?

<p>Lower incidence of ectopic pregnancies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women?

<p>Elevated cholesterol levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can increase the risk of adverse effects from oral contraceptives?

<p>Being a smoker. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of post-coital contraceptives?

<p>They inhibit fertilization and alter cervical mucus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone therapy can help reduce the risk of breast cancer in menopausal females?

<p>Tamoxifen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can testosterone replacement therapy potentially lead to in males?

<p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indication for hormonal contraception?

<p>Hormone replacement therapy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal contraceptive is delivered via a skin patch?

<p>Transdermal patch. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect may transgender individuals experience due to anti-androgens?

<p>Decreased sexual desire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern when using estrogen alone for hormone replacement therapy?

<p>Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormonal contraceptive does NOT induce a withdrawal period?

<p>Mini-pill. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for post-menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy?

<p>Potentially increased risk of breast cancer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of clomiphene in infertility treatment?

<p>Block estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the risk factors for adverse effects associated with hormonal contraception?

<p>Increased age can raise the risk of certain cardiovascular events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group should consider hormone replacement therapy with caution due to cancer risks?

<p>Post-menopausal females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What other health risks need to be addressed for individuals on transgender hormone therapy?

<p>Hypertension and smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'breakthrough bleeding' in the context of hormonal contraceptives?

<p>Irregular bleeding between normal menstrual cycles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does androgen replacement therapy have on bone density for elderly males?

<p>Increases bone density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone therapy is specifically used for treating estrogen-sensitive breast cancer?

<p>Tamoxifen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential adverse effect of prolonged estrogen therapy?

<p>Endometrial cancer risk (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of progestin in estrogen therapy?

<p>Prevent breast cancer incidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in transgender men undergoing testosterone therapy?

<p>Blood profile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is used as part of breast cancer chemotherapy in premenopausal females?

<p>Anti-androgens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antiprogestin medications like mifepristone in the context of contraception?

<p>Blocking the effect of progesterone receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In hormone replacement therapy for females, what is typically administered to address low estrogen levels?

<p>Estrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition may arise in males resulting from a failure in hormone secretion?

<p>Primary hypogonadism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect associated with the use of oral contraceptives?

<p>Thromboembolic events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormone replacement therapy in transgender individuals typically aims to achieve what?

<p>Promote secondary sex characteristics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is commonly used in females aged 11-13 to manage hormonal changes after growth is completed?

<p>Combined estrogen and progestin therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the use of post-coital contraceptives?

<p>They block ovulation by affecting hormone levels directly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes secondary hypogonadism in males?

<p>Low testosterone due to pituitary disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal therapy can be effective in delaying puberty in females with insufficient estrogen production?

<p>Combined estrogen and progestin therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of administering a dose of estrogen in hormone replacement therapy?

<p>To restore normal physiological functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gonadotropins

Hormones that stimulate the development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics.

Estrogen

A female sex hormone, primarily estradiol, produced by the ovaries.

Progesterone

A female sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum and placenta, involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Testosterone

A primary male sex hormone produced by the testes, influencing development of male sex characteristics and sperm maturation.

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Hormonal Contraception

Methods that use hormones to prevent pregnancy.

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GnRH

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; released by the hypothalamus to regulate the production of other hormones related to reproduction.

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Oral Contraceptives

Hormonal contraceptives taken orally, usually containing estrogen and/or progestin.

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Combination Pill

Oral contraceptives containing both estrogen and progestin.

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Progestin-only pill

Oral contraceptive containing only progestin.

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Adverse effects of oral contraceptives

Potential side effects include blood clots, hypertension, and a slightly increased risk of certain cancers.

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Depo-Provera

Injectable progestin contraceptive; administered every three months.

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Intrauterine Device (IUD)

A small device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Very effective.

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Post-coital Contraception

Methods to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse.

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Hormone replacement therapy

Treatment using hormones to replace deficient ones in the body.

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Transgender Hormonal Therapy

Hormone treatment to support gender transition.

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Plan B

A type of emergency contraception that can be taken after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy.

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Antiprogestin

A medication that blocks the progesterone receptor in the uterus, preventing implantation of a fertilized egg.

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Emergency Contraception

Methods used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex.

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Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Medication used to replace hormones, typically estrogen and progesterone, in cases of hormone deficiency.

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Hypogonadism

A condition where the gonads (testes or ovaries) produce insufficient hormones.

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Female HRT

HRT for females involves replacing estrogen and/or progesterone.

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Male HRT

HRT for males involves replacing testosterone in cases of testosterone deficiency.

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Delayed Puberty (treatment)

Girls receiving HRT to close bones.

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Primary Testicular Failure

A condition where the testes directly do not function properly.

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Secondary Hypogonadism

A hormonal deficiency in the testes caused by problems elsewhere in the body.

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Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) for osteoporosis

HRT has shown to potentially reduce bone density loss during menopause, but current guidelines advise against its use for osteoporosis prevention/treatment in this specific population.

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HRT and cardiovascular disease

Estrogen in HRT may lower cholesterol and LDL, but more research is needed to confirm any long-term benefits or downsides.

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HRT and cancer risk (endometrial)

Studies suggest an increased risk of endometrial cancer with estrogen-only HRT, but the use of progestin helps mitigate this risk.

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HRT and breast cancer risk

Short-term estrogen therapy does not appear to increase breast cancer risk, but prolonged use might increase the risk.

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Androgen production in males

Decreases with age in males and may contribute to reduced muscle mass, strength, and libido.

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Androgen replacement therapy (males)

Preliminary studies indicate potential benefits in bone density and muscle strength, but concerns remain regarding prostate health and cancer risk.

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Transgender HRT - Women

Involves anti-androgens to reduce androgen levels (preventing male characteristics).

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Transgender HRT - potential health concerns

Potential issues include coagulation disorders, thromboembolism, increased cardiovascular risks, and decreased sexual desire.

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Transgender HRT - blood profile monitoring

For transgender men (assigned female at birth), monitoring blood profiles is recommended when taking testosterone.

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Transgender HRT and metabolic health

Transgender individuals may experience issues with fasting glucose resistance, potentially increasing type 2 diabetes risk.

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Tamoxifen (breast cancer)

A selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that blocks estrogen action in breast and uterine tissues, reducing breast cancer risk and treating estrogen-sensitive breast cancer.

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Tamoxifen (cancer prevention)

Tamoxifen is used for prevention in postmenopausal women at an increased breast cancer risk.

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Androgens in cancer treatment

Androgens have been used for chemotherapy of breast tumors in pre-menopausal women, but not for treatment of prostate cancer.

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Clomiphene for infertility

An anti-estrogen/estrogen antagonist that inhibits estrogen's negative feedback on the hypothalamus, potentially improving ovulation.

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Study Notes

Gonadosteriods Introduction

  • Hormones produced by testes or ovaries
  • Stimulate reproductive organs and germ cell maturation
  • Drive secondary sex characteristics

Female Sex Hormones

  • Estradiol (primary estrogen in females)
    • Involved in female sex characteristic development and maintenance
    • Secreted by ovaries
  • Progesterone
    • Secreted by the corpus luteum and placenta
    • Maintains the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy

Male Sex Hormones

  • Testosterone (primary male sex hormone)
    • Produced mainly by testes
    • Regulates gene expression
    • Essential for primary and secondary sex characteristic development
    • Promotes sperm maturation and increase muscle mass

Therapeutic Indications

  • Hormonal contraception for females
  • Hormone transplant therapy
  • Transgender hormonal therapy
  • Breast cancer treatment
  • Prostate cancer treatment
  • Infertility treatment
  • Menstrual disorders
  • Endometriosis
  • Acne
  • Anemia
  • Used as anabolic agents

Hormonal Contraceptives

  • MOA: Suppresses the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus in the brain
  • Resulting drop in LH and FSH inhibits follicular maturation
  • Altering endocervical gland secretions (thicker fluid) making sperm migration difficult
  • These drugs are not suitable for implantation of a fertilized ovum

Types of Hormonal Preparations: Oral Contraceptives

  • Fixed combinations:
    • Fixed estrogen and progesterone
  • Multiphasic:
    • Variable progesterone with a fixed estrogen dose (increasing dosage throughout the cycle to mirror normal ovarian cycle)
  • Continuous:
    • Daily dose of hormones with no break, eliminating menstruation
  • Mini-pill:
    • Daily dose of progestin (only) as needed

Adverse Effects of Combination Oral Contraceptives

  • Blood clots (increased risk of heart attack and stroke - especially in smokers or obese patients above 35)
  • Hypertension (believed to be caused by estrogen - more prevalent in women above 35)
  • Cancer (risk of endometrial, ovarian, colorectal, breast, and cervical cancers slighlty increased, however)

Non-Contraceptive Benefits

  • Reduced risk of ovarian cysts
  • Reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer
  • Reduced incidence of ectopic pregnancy
  • Reduces iron deficiency anemia
  • Reduced acne and hirsutism (excessive body hair)

Other Hormonal Contraceptives

  • Depo-provera (injectable progestin): intramuscularly every 3 months
  • Transdermal contraceptive patches: constant rate for 7 days
  • Norplant (silicone tubes releasing a progestin): implanted under the skin (released over 5 years)
  • Vaginal contraceptive ring: placed in vagina for 21 days of 28 day cycle (new ring in next month)
  • Intrauterine device (IUD): effective for 5 years

Relative Effectiveness of Various Methods of Hormonal Contraception

  • Presents efficacy data for various methods (e.g., estrogen-progestin O.C., transdermal path, vaginal ring, progestin-only pill, Depo-provera, IUD-progestin, in terms of perfect use rates and typical use rates)

Post-Coital Contraceptives

  • Estrogen: often taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex to prevent potential pregnancy
  • Antiprogestins (e.g., mifepristone): can induce uterine bleeding to terminate early pregnancy

Hormone Replacement Therapy

  • Hypogonadism: reducing/absence of hormone secretion (orgonadal activity)
    • Treatments vary for women & men based on differing physiological needs

Postmenopausal Females

  • Menopause: characterized by cessation of ovarian function, causing symptoms like hot flashes and sleep issues
  • Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): can alleviate symptoms but has potential risks (e.g., increased risk of blood clots, stroke, or certain cancers)

Elderly Males

  • Cancer risks may increase with age
  • Androgen production decreases with age affecting muscle mass and libido
  • Preliminary studies on androgen replacement show mixed results

Transgender Individuals

  • Transgender women: hormone therapy includes estrogen and androgen blockers like spironolactone
  • Transgender men: receive testosterone

Hormone Therapy in Cancer Treatment

  • Tamoxifen: selective estrogen receptor modulator for estrogen-sensitive breast cancers
  • Androgens can be used for chemotherapy in premenopausal women to treat breast tumors
  • Anti-androgens useful for prostate cancer

Infertility Treatment

  • Clomiphene: an anti-estrogen drug that induces ovulation
  • Used for infertility treatment

Post-Coital (Abortion) Drugs

  • Estrogen and anti-progestins (like mifepristone) to potentially induce early abortion or prevent the implantation of a fertilized ovum

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Gonadosteroids PDF

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This quiz covers the essential aspects of gonadosteroids, focusing on female and male sex hormones like estradiol and testosterone. It explores their functions, therapeutic indications, and their roles in the development of secondary sex characteristics. Perfect for students studying human physiology and endocrinology.

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