Introduction to GIT Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the length of the Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?

10 meters

Which of the following are part of the GIT (Alimentary tract)? (Select all that apply)

  • Liver
  • Small intestine (correct)
  • Pharynx (correct)
  • Pancreas
  • Gallbladder
  • Stomach (correct)
  • Mouth (correct)
  • Large intestine (correct)
  • Teet
  • Salivary gland

What are the three parts of the Oesophagus?

  • Cervical (correct)
  • Abdominal (correct)
  • Thoracic (correct)
  • Cardiac
  • Pyloric

What is the name of the structure that separates the oral cavity proper from the oropharynx ?

<p>Oropharyngeal isthmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tongue is covered by a mucous membrane.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tongue is a highly mobile, voluntary muscular organ formed of smooth muscles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of teeth in human development?

<p>Deciduous (milky) and permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion does the parotoid gland produce?

<p>Serous secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two omentum structures associated with the stomach?

<p>Greater and Lesser Omentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered intraperitoneal organs? (Select all that apply)

<p>Ileum (A), Spleen (B), Pancreas (D), Sigmoid Colon (E), Stomach (F), Duodenum (G), Jejunum (H), Liver (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs are considered retroperitoneal organs? (Select all that apply)

<p>Descending Colon (A), Kidneys (H), Pancreas (I)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most dilated part of the alimentary tract?

<p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of secretion does the sublingual gland produce?

<p>Mucous secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid that forms in the stomach after food is mixed with gastric secretions?

<p>Chyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organs with their corresponding regions of the abdominal cavity.

<p>Stomach = Left hypochondrium &amp; epigastrium Liver = Right Hypochondriac Spleen = Left Hypochondriac Gallbladder = Right Hypochondriac Appendix = Right iliac region Right Kidney = Right Hypochondriac Left Kidney = Left Hypochondriac Urinary Bladder = Hypogastric region</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main layers of the GIT wall?

<p>Mucosa, Submucosa, Musculosa, and Serosa/Adventitia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "peritoneal cavity" refer to?

<p>The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the clinical condition that often affects the Parotoid gland and is sometimes referred to as "Epidemic Parotidis"?

<p>Mumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of chewing food?

<p>Mastication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition caused by the backflow of the stomach contents into the oesophagus, often resulting in heartburn?

<p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

A continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, approximately 10 meters long, through which food passes.

Mouth (Oral Cavity)

The opening of the mouth, located anteriorly, extending to the oropharynx posteriorly.

Vestibule

The space between the teeth and the cheeks or lips.

Oral cavity proper

The main part of the mouth, located behind the teeth and gums.

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Hard Palate

The hard, bony roof of the mouth.

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Soft Palate

The soft, muscular roof of the mouth.

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Tongue

A highly mobile, voluntary muscular organ, covered by mucous membrane.

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Dorsum of tongue

The rough, upper surface of the tongue covered with lingual papillae.

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Lingual papillae

Small, raised bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds.

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Taste buds

Specialized structures within the lingual papillae that detect tastes.

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Pharyngeal part of tongue

The posterior one-third of the tongue.

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Foramen cecum

A small pit on the posterior aspect of the tongue.

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Palatine/oral part of tongue

The anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

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Sulcus terminalis

A groove that divides the dorsum of the tongue into the pharyngeal and oral parts.

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Apex

The most anterior part of the tongue.

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Base

The base of the tongue, attached to the hyoid bone.

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Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Muscles that move the tongue.

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Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Muscles that change the shape of the tongue.

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Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

The nerve that supplies motor innervation to all muscles of the tongue, except palatoglossus.

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Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) (Lingual Branch)

The nerve that provides general sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

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Facial Nerve (Chorda Tympani)

The nerve that provides taste sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

The nerve that provides general and taste sensations to the posterior one-third of the tongue.

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Mastication

The process of chewing food.

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Deglutition

The process of swallowing food.

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Teeth

The structures in the mouth that are responsible for chewing and grinding food.

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Deciduous (milky) teeth

The first set of teeth that appear in children, typically between the ages of 6 months and 2 years.

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Permanent teeth

The second set of teeth that replace the deciduous teeth, typically beginning around age 6.

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Salivary glands

Glands that produce saliva.

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Parotid gland

The largest salivary gland, producing serous secretions.

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Parotid duct

The duct that carries parotid secretions into the mouth.

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Mumps (Epidemic Parotidis)

A viral infection that primarily affects the parotid glands, characterized by swelling around the ears, fever, and pain.

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Submandibular gland

A mixed salivary gland that lies under the angle of the mandible.

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Submandibular duct

The duct that carries submandibular secretions into the mouth.

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Sublingual gland

A mucous secreting gland located under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.

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Sublingual ducts

Numerous small ducts that carry secretions from the sublingual gland.

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Oesophagus

A muscular tube, 25 cm long, that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

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Cervical constrictions of the Oesophagus

The uppermost constricted part of the oesophagus, located at the level of C6.

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Thoracic constrictions of the Oesophagus

The constricted part of the oesophagus located at the level of T4.

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Diaphragmatic constrictions of the Oesophagus

The lowest constricted part of the oesophagus, located at the level of T10.

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Pharyngoesophageal sphincter

A smooth muscle ring at the junction of the pharynx and oesophagus.

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Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A smooth muscle ring at the junction of the oesophagus and stomach.

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Study Notes

Introduction to GIT

  • Dr. Rana Aly Elbeshbeishy is a professor of anatomy at RAKMHSU, with experience in Egypt and Canada.
  • Learning outcomes include describing the gross anatomical features of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • The study also covers associated glands, their blood supply and nerve supply, as well as important relations and applied aspects.

The Digestive System

  • The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (also known as the alimentary tract) is a continuous tube approximately 10 meters long.
  • It starts at the mouth and ends at the anus and carries food.
  • The GIT includes: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and large intestine (colon, rectum, anal canal).

Digestive Glands & Accessory Digestive Organs

  • Digestive organs include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.
  • Their secretions travel through ducts to the alimentary tract.

Mouth (Oral Cavity)

  • The mouth is divided into a vestibule and an oral cavity proper.
  • The vestibule is a space between the teeth and cheeks/lips.
  • The parotid duct opens into the vestibule, located opposite the upper second molar tooth.
  • The oral cavity proper contains the hard palate, soft palate, tongue, and teeth.
  • Submandibular and sublingual glands open into the floor of the mouth.

Tongue

  • The tongue is a highly mobile voluntary muscular organ.
  • It is covered by mucous membrane.
  • The dorsum of the tongue is rough and covered by lingual papillae.
  • These papillae contain taste buds.
  • The tongue is further divided into the Palatine/Oral Part, and Pharyngeal part.

Muscles of the Tongue

  • The extrinsic muscles move the tongue.
  • The intrinsic muscles shape the tongue.
  • The hypoglossal nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue

The Teeth

  • Deciduous (baby) teeth: 20 teeth (4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 molars in each jaw).
  • First tooth to erupt is the central incisor (at 6 months).
  • Permanent teeth: 32 teeth (4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars in each jaw).
  • First permanent tooth to erupt is the first molar (at 6 years).
  • Last tooth to erupt is the third molar (wisdom tooth).

Accessory Digestive Glands (Salivary Glands)

  • There are three pairs of salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
  • The parotid gland is the largest, located below and in front of the ear; its duct opens opposite the upper second molar.
  • The submandibular gland is mixed and located under the angle of the mandible.
  • The sublingual gland is mucous secreting, lies under the mucous membrane of mouth floor and includes numerous small ducts that open on the floor of the mouth.

Oesophagus

  • The esophagus is a muscular tube (25 cm long).
  • It connects the pharynx to the stomach.
  • Passes through the neck, thorax, then diaphragm to the stomach.

Regions of Abdominal Cavity

  • The abdominal cavity is divided into 9 regions by two vertical planes (mid-clavicular lines) and two horizontal planes (subcostal and intertubercular lines).
  • It's also divided into four quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ).

Abdominal Cavity

  • The abdominal cavity is the largest cavity in the body.
  • Positioned in the trunk, it's superiorly bordered by the diaphragm; inferiorly, it continues into the pelvic cavity.
  • It's bordered anteriorly by abdominal wall muscles, posteriorly by the lumbar vertebrae, and laterally by lower ribs and abdominal wall muscles.

Peritoneum & Peritoneal Cavity

  • The peritoneum is a serous membrane forming two layers: parietal and visceral.
  • The space between these layers is the peritoneal cavity.
  • It contains serous fluid.
  • The cavity is divided into greater and lesser sacs that communicate through the omental foramen.
  • Mesentery attaches intraperitoneal organs to the body wall, and omentum associates with the stomach (greater and lesser).
  • Peritoneal ligaments are thickened parts of mesenteries/omenta connecting organs.

Intra-peritoneal and Retro-peritoneal Organs

  • Intraperitoneal organs are enclosed by peritoneum, attached to body wall via mesenteries (e.g. stomach, most of small and large intestines, liver, spleen, gallbladder, tail of pancreas).
  • Retroperitoneal organs are covered by peritoneum on their anterior surface but are firmly attached (immobile) to the posterior abdominal wall (e.g. most of the pancreas, kidneys, ureters, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava).

General Microscopic Structure of GIT Wall

  • The GIT wall has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa/adventitia.
  • The mucosa is the innermost layer, containing glands, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
  • The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves.
  • The muscularis externa contains smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal fibers).
  • The serosa/adventitia is a serous membrane (visceral peritoneum).

The Stomach

  • The stomach is the most dilated part of the alimentary tract.
  • Located in the left hypochondrium and epigastrium, it's J-shaped with two orifices (cardiac and pyloric), two curvatures (greater and lesser), and four parts (cardia, fundus, body, pyloric portion).
  • The stomach stores food, mixes it with gastric secretions to form chyme, and controls chyme's release into the duodenum.

The Stomach, Greater Omentum and Lesser Omentum

  • The stomach is connected by the lesser and greater omentums to surrounding organs, like the liver.
  • The lesser curvature is the concave border, and the greater curvature is the convex border of the stomach.

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Test your knowledge on the gastrointestinal tract with this quiz. Explore the anatomical features, associated glands, blood supply, and nerve supply involved in digestion. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of anatomy.

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