Digestive System: Gastrointestinal Tract and Organs
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary function of segmentation contractions in the digestive system?

  • Neutralizing acidic chyme entering the small intestine.
  • Mixing the digestive contents and facilitating absorption. (correct)
  • Propelling the digestive contents forward through the alimentary canal.
  • Breaking down starches through enzymatic action.

If the parotid glands were unable to function, which of the following processes would be MOST directly affected?

  • The breakdown of starches in the mouth. (correct)
  • The temporary storage of fecal matter.
  • The absorption of water and sodium ions in the large intestine.
  • The metabolism of fats.

The liver plays a vital role in metabolism and detoxification. Which of the following would MOST likely occur if the liver's detoxification function was compromised?

  • A deficiency in vitamin A, B, K, and B12 storage.
  • A buildup of drugs and hormones in the bloodstream. (correct)
  • A decrease in the secretion of bile.
  • An increase in the absorption of water in the large intestine.

A patient is experiencing difficulty with water absorption and temporary storage of fecal matter. Which part of the digestive system is MOST likely affected?

<p>The large intestine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a course of antibiotics, a patient experiences digestive upset. Which component of the large intestine is MOST likely affected by the medication, and what is a potential consequence?

<p>The bacteria; impaired breakdown of undigested materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the epiglottis?

<p>To prevent food and fluids from entering the trachea. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is experiencing difficulty digesting fats. Which accessory digestive organ is most likely malfunctioning?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary function of the esophagus in the digestive system?

<p>Serving as a passageway for food from the mouth to the stomach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas in the small intestine?

<p>To neutralize the acidic chyme entering from the stomach. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter (also known as the cardioesophageal sphincter)?

<p>Preventing the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the stomach contribute to the process of digestion?

<p>By breaking down food through churning and mixing it with gastric secretions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is unable to absorb fats properly, which vitamins might they become deficient in?

<p>Vitamins A, D, E, and K (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the characteristic brown color of feces?

<p>Bile pigments altered by intestinal bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of gastric juice is responsible for the low pH environment in the stomach?

<p>Hydrochloric acid (HCl). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the effect of damage to the mucous neck cells of the gastric glands?

<p>Decreased protection of the stomach lining from acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pancreatic enzymes is responsible for the breakdown of starches?

<p>Amylase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen, the inactive precursor to pepsin?

<p>Chief cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the majority of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption take place?

<p>Small Intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the gallbladder?

<p>To store and concentrate bile. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is intrinsic factor essential for normal physiological function?

<p>It's necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following gastric digestion, the resulting chyme is released into which part of the small intestine?

<p>Duodenum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Esophagus

A muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach, secreting mucus to facilitate food movement.

Chyme

A thick, creamy mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices in the stomach.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

A muscular valve that controls the entrance of food from the esophagus into the stomach.

Gastric Pits

Microscopic depressions in the stomach lining that lead to gastric glands which secrete digestive substances.

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Parietal Cells

Cells in the stomach lining that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

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Mucous Neck Cells

Cells in the gastric lining that secrete mucus to protect the stomach from acid and enzymes.

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Chief Cells

Cells in the stomach that produce pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins.

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Gastrin

A hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric juices and aids in digestion in the stomach.

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Peristalsis

A type of contraction that propels contents toward the colon.

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Segmentation

A contraction that mixes contents back and forth in churning motion.

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Large Intestine Functions

Absorbs water and Na ions; stores fecal matter temporarily before elimination.

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Bacterial Role in Large Intestine

Bacteria assist in completing the breakdown of waste materials.

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Components of Feces

Feces consist of undigested food, inorganic materials, water, and bacteria.

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Small Intestine

Part of the GI tract where most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occurs.

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Duodenum

First section of the small intestine, important for chemical digestion.

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Pancreas

Organ that secretes enzymes for digestion and regulates blood sugar.

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Amylase

Enzyme produced by the pancreas that breaks down starch into sugars.

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Lipase

Enzyme that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

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Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile from the liver, releasing it into the small intestine.

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Liver

Produces bile and processes nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract.

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Epiglottis

Flap that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

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Study Notes

Digestive System Overview

  • The digestive system is composed of two main parts: the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs.

Gastrointestinal Tract

  • The gastrointestinal tract is also called the alimentary canal.
  • It is a continuous tube that runs from the mouth to the anus.
  • Includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines.

Accessory Digestive Organs

  • Includes teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
  • These organs produce and secrete substances that aid in digestion.

Mouth

  • The mouth begins the digestive process through ingestion and mastication (chewing).
  • Saliva contains salivary amylase, which begins starch digestion.

Pharynx

  • A passageway for air, food, and fluids.

Esophagus

  • Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach.
  • Uses peristalsis for movement.

Stomach

  • Stores food temporarily.
  • Churns food into chyme.
  • Secretes gastric juice (HCl, enzymes, mucus).
  • Secretes enzymes for protein digestion.
  • Contains the lower esophageal (cardioesophageal) sphincter, fundus, body, and pylorus.

Small Intestine

  • Divided into duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
  • Digests proteins and carbohydrates.
  • Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.
  • Produces enzymes (e.g., pancreatic enzymes).

Large Intestine

  • Absorbs water and electrolytes.
  • Stores waste until elimination.
  • Contains parts like the cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anus.

Accessory Organs

Salivary Glands

  • Secrete saliva to moisten food and begin starch digestion.
  • Includes parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands.

Liver

  • Produces bile, which aids in fat digestion and absorption.
  • Processes nutrients (e.g., removes toxins, stores glucose).
  • Detoxifies substances.

Gallbladder

  • Stores and concentrates bile.
  • Releases bile into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion.

Pancreas

  • Secretes pancreatic enzymes that aid in digestion.
  • Include amylase (starch digestion), lipase (fat digestion), and trypsin (protein digestion).
  • Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

Types of Digestion

  • Peristalsis: A wave-like muscle contraction that moves food through the esophagus and intestines.
  • Segmentation: Mixing movements that occur in the small intestine.

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Related Documents

NCM 116 Gastrointestinal Concept Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Overview of the digestive system, including the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines) and accessory organs (teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). Focus on digestion processes in mouth, pharynx and esophagus functions.

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