Gastrointestinal Tract Anatomy and Congenital Abnormalities
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Questions and Answers

What is the most common true diverticulum and congenital anomaly of the GI tract?

  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Gastrointestinal duplication
  • Hirschsprung disease
  • Meckel diverticulum (correct)

    • What is the approximate incidence of Meckel diverticulum in the population?

  • 2% (correct)
  • 4%
  • 1%
  • 3%

    • What is the location of Meckel diverticulum in the small bowel?

  • Ileocecal valve
  • Mesenteric side
  • Duodenum
  • Antimesenteric side (correct)

    • What is the approximate length of Meckel diverticula?

    <p>2 inches (5 cm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of symptomatic Meckel diverticula by age 2?

    <p>4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sex predilection of Meckel diverticulum?

    <p>Male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome associated with an increased risk of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the alimentary tract that communicates with the lumen and includes all three layers of the bowel wall in a true diverticulum?

    <p>Vitelline duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Imperforate anus?

    <p>Failure of the cloacal membrane to involute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main complication of Tracheoesophageal Fistula?

    <p>Pneumonia and electrolyte imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Esophageal Stenosis?

    <p>Fibrous thickened wall that results in partial or complete obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia?

    <p>A hole in the diaphragm that allows abdominal organs to move into the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Omphalocele?

    <p>A sac outside the abdominal wall that contains abdominal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Gastrointestinal Duplications?

    <p>Cystic masses with redundant smooth muscle layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary complication of Esophageal Atresia?

    <p>Regurgitation during feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Tracheoesophageal Fistula?

    <p>A connection between the esophagus and the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Congenital Abnormalities of the GI tract?

    <p>Insults during gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Gastroschisis?

    <p>Abdominal organs protruding through a defect in the abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate incidence of Hirschsprung disease in live births?

    <p>1 in 5000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Hirschsprung disease?

    <p>Arrested migration of neural crest cells from cecum to rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between Hirschsprung disease and Down syndrome?

    <p>10% of all cases of Hirschsprung disease occur in children with Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of antral gastritis or peptic ulcers close to the pylorus in adults?

    <p>Acquired pyloric stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the distal intestinal segment that lacks both the Meissner submucosal plexus and the Auerbach myenteric plexus in Hirschsprung disease?

    <p>Aganglionosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the pylorus?

    <p>Inflammation and scarring leading to obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of infants with Hirschsprung disease who have serious neurologic abnormalities?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the congenital abnormality characterized by the presence of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the pylorus?

    <p>Ectopic pancreatic rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gastrointestinal Tract

    • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a hollow tube extending from the oral cavity to the anus, consisting of anatomically distinct segments: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus.

    Congenital Abnormalities

    • Congenital GI anomalies can occur due to insults during gestation, affecting multiple organs simultaneously.
    • The presence of congenital GI anomalies should prompt evaluation of other organs.

    Atresia, Fistulae, and Duplications

    • Atresia is the most common form of congenital intestinal atresia, caused by failure of the cloacal membrane to involute.
    • Stenosis is an incomplete form of atresia, resulting in partial or complete obstruction.
    • Fistulae are connections between the esophagus and the trachea or mainstem bronchus, leading to aspiration, suffocation, pneumonia, and severe fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
    • Duplications are congenital duplication cysts with redundant smooth muscle layers, occurring throughout the GI tract.

    Meckel Diverticulum

    • Meckel diverticulum is a true diverticulum, a blind outpouching of the alimentary tract that communicates with the lumen and includes all three layers of the bowel wall.
    • It occurs in the ileum and is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract.
    • The "rule of 2's" is often used to remember characteristics of Meckel diverticula:
      • Occur in approximately 2% of the population.
      • Are generally present within 2 feet (60 cm) of the ileocecal valve.
      • Are approximately 2 inches (5 cm) long.
      • Are twice as common in males.
      • Are most often symptomatic by age 2 (only approximately 4% are ever symptomatic).

    Pyloric Stenosis

    • Pyloric stenosis can be either congenital or acquired.
    • Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is the most common congenital form, occurring three to five times more commonly in males and having an overall incidence of 1 per 300 to 900 live births.
    • Turner syndrome and trisomy 18 confer an increased risk of pyloric stenosis.

    Hirschsprung Disease

    • Hirschsprung disease is also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon.
    • It occurs in approximately 1 in 5000 live births, with 10% of cases occurring in children with Down syndrome.
    • Serious neurologic abnormalities are present in 5% of infants with Hirschsprung disease.
    • The disease causes functional obstruction of the colon due to failure of ganglion cells to migrate to the wall of the colon, resulting from a mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase.
    • Pathogenesis involves the premature arrest of neural crest cell migration or premature death of ganglion cells, producing aganglionosis.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, including its different segments, and congenital abnormalities that can occur during gestation, such as atresia, fistulae, and duplications.

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