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What is the most common true diverticulum and congenital anomaly of the GI tract?
What is the approximate incidence of Meckel diverticulum in the population?
What is the location of Meckel diverticulum in the small bowel?
What is the approximate length of Meckel diverticula?
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What is the frequency of symptomatic Meckel diverticula by age 2?
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What is the sex predilection of Meckel diverticulum?
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What is the name of the syndrome associated with an increased risk of congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
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What is the component of the alimentary tract that communicates with the lumen and includes all three layers of the bowel wall in a true diverticulum?
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What is the primary cause of Imperforate anus?
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What is the main complication of Tracheoesophageal Fistula?
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What is the characteristic of Esophageal Stenosis?
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What is the primary feature of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia?
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What is the main characteristic of Omphalocele?
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What is the characteristic of Gastrointestinal Duplications?
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What is the primary complication of Esophageal Atresia?
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What is the primary feature of Tracheoesophageal Fistula?
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What is the primary cause of Congenital Abnormalities of the GI tract?
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What is the primary characteristic of Gastroschisis?
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What is the approximate incidence of Hirschsprung disease in live births?
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What is the main cause of Hirschsprung disease?
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What is the association between Hirschsprung disease and Down syndrome?
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What is the consequence of antral gastritis or peptic ulcers close to the pylorus in adults?
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What is the term for the distal intestinal segment that lacks both the Meissner submucosal plexus and the Auerbach myenteric plexus in Hirschsprung disease?
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What is the complication of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the pylorus?
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What is the percentage of infants with Hirschsprung disease who have serious neurologic abnormalities?
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What is the term for the congenital abnormality characterized by the presence of ectopic pancreatic tissue in the pylorus?
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Study Notes
Gastrointestinal Tract
- The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a hollow tube extending from the oral cavity to the anus, consisting of anatomically distinct segments: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus.
Congenital Abnormalities
- Congenital GI anomalies can occur due to insults during gestation, affecting multiple organs simultaneously.
- The presence of congenital GI anomalies should prompt evaluation of other organs.
Atresia, Fistulae, and Duplications
- Atresia is the most common form of congenital intestinal atresia, caused by failure of the cloacal membrane to involute.
- Stenosis is an incomplete form of atresia, resulting in partial or complete obstruction.
- Fistulae are connections between the esophagus and the trachea or mainstem bronchus, leading to aspiration, suffocation, pneumonia, and severe fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
- Duplications are congenital duplication cysts with redundant smooth muscle layers, occurring throughout the GI tract.
Meckel Diverticulum
- Meckel diverticulum is a true diverticulum, a blind outpouching of the alimentary tract that communicates with the lumen and includes all three layers of the bowel wall.
- It occurs in the ileum and is the most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract.
- The "rule of 2's" is often used to remember characteristics of Meckel diverticula:
- Occur in approximately 2% of the population.
- Are generally present within 2 feet (60 cm) of the ileocecal valve.
- Are approximately 2 inches (5 cm) long.
- Are twice as common in males.
- Are most often symptomatic by age 2 (only approximately 4% are ever symptomatic).
Pyloric Stenosis
- Pyloric stenosis can be either congenital or acquired.
- Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is the most common congenital form, occurring three to five times more commonly in males and having an overall incidence of 1 per 300 to 900 live births.
- Turner syndrome and trisomy 18 confer an increased risk of pyloric stenosis.
Hirschsprung Disease
- Hirschsprung disease is also known as congenital aganglionic megacolon.
- It occurs in approximately 1 in 5000 live births, with 10% of cases occurring in children with Down syndrome.
- Serious neurologic abnormalities are present in 5% of infants with Hirschsprung disease.
- The disease causes functional obstruction of the colon due to failure of ganglion cells to migrate to the wall of the colon, resulting from a mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase.
- Pathogenesis involves the premature arrest of neural crest cell migration or premature death of ganglion cells, producing aganglionosis.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, including its different segments, and congenital abnormalities that can occur during gestation, such as atresia, fistulae, and duplications.
