Introduction to Genetics
13 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a codon?

  • To facilitate the transfer of genetic information through transformation.
  • To regulate the binding of the lac repressor.
  • To initiate the process of DNA replication.
  • To encode the information for specific amino acids. (correct)

What process is used to copy a DNA gene?

  • DNA cloning (correct)
  • Inbreeding
  • Selective breeding
  • Hybridization

Which of these describes a scenario where organisms with similar traits are bred together?

  • Genetic Engineering
  • Inbreeding (correct)
  • Hybridization
  • Selective Breeding

Which of the following is a heritable condition arising from possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes?

<p>Polyploid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is used to help understand family histories?

<p>Pedigree (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the physical characteristics of an organism?

<p>Phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genetics, what does the term 'true breeding' refer to?

<p>A parent generation that can self-pollinate and produce identical offspring. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes when two different alleles are expressed equally in an organism?

<p>Codominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a Punnett square in genetics?

<p>To predict the genetic variations from a cross. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a recessive allele?

<p>It is masked by a dominant allele. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process ensures that cells produced have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

<p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are genes called when they are located close together on the same chromosome?

<p>Linked genes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which alleles of different genes are sorted independently into gametes?

<p>Independent Assortment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. It produces messenger RNA (mRNA) that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.

Gene Mutation

A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. These changes can occur naturally during DNA replication or be induced by environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals.

Lac Repressor

A DNA binding protein that helps regulate gene expression involved in lactose metabolism. It binds to the operator region of the lac operon, preventing transcription when lactose is absent. When lactose is present, it binds to the repressor, changing its shape and allowing transcription to proceed.

DNA Cloning

A technique used to copy a gene. It involves introducing a gene of interest into a host organism, such as bacteria, to produce multiple copies of the gene.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Polyploid

The heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes. This is common in plants and can result in larger, more robust organisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, representing the combination of alleles it possesses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phenotype

The observable physical characteristics of an organism, resulting from its genotype and environmental influences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

True-breeding parent

An individual that, when self-pollinated, always produces offspring with the same traits as itself.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Offspring generation

The first generation of offspring resulting from a cross between two true-breeding parents. This represents the 'F1' generation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Principle of dominance

The principle stating that some alleles are dominant, meaning their effect is always expressed, while others are recessive, only expressed if two copies are present.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Punnett square

A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes resulting from a cross between two individuals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Codominance

The condition where both alleles of a gene are expressed equally in an organism, resulting in a combination of both traits.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incomplete dominance

The inheritance pattern where the dominant allele doesn't completely mask the recessive allele, leading to a blended phenotype.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Introduction to Genetics

  • Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
  • Phenotype: The observable physical traits of an organism.
  • True-breeding parent: A parent that consistently produces offspring with the same traits when self-pollinated.
  • Offspring: The result of sexual or asexual reproduction.
  • Parental generation (P): The initial generation in a genetic cross.
  • Offspring generation (F1): The first generation of offspring from the parental generation.

Mendel's Experiments and Conclusions

  • Mendel studied traits like flower color and seed shape.
  • Inheritance: Traits are passed from one generation to the next.
  • Genes: Factors that determine traits.
  • Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
  • Principle of dominance: Some alleles are dominant, masking the effect of recessive alleles.
  • Punnett Squares: Tools used to predict and visualize genetic outcomes of crosses.

Beyond Simple Dominance

  • Codominance: Both alleles equally expressed.
  • Incomplete dominance: Phenotype is a blend of both alleles.

Morgans Work and Chromosomes

  • Chromosomes: Genes are located on chromosomes within cell nuclei.
  • Diploid (2n): Two sets of chromosomes (e.g., human body cells).
  • Haploid (n): One set of chromosomes (e.g., gametes).
  • Meiosis: Cell division resulting in gametes with half the number of chromosomes.
  • Mitosis: Cell division producing genetically identical cells for growth and repair.
  • Linked Genes: Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.
  • Crossover: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
  • Independent Assortment: Alleles of different genes segregate independently during gamete formation.

Discoveries in Genetics

  • Transformation (Griffith): Bacteria can transfer genetic information.
  • Transcription: DNA is copied into RNA (messenger RNA).
  • Codons: Three-base sequences on mRNA encoding amino acids.
  • Gene mutations: Permanent changes in DNA sequence.
  • Lac repressor: Protein controlling gene expression related to lactose.
  • Hox genes: Control embryonic development.

Genetic Technologies and Processes

  • Selective breeding: Choosing parents with desired traits for the next generation.
  • Genetic engineering: Altering genes using technology.
  • Hybridization: Crossing dissimilar organisms to combine desirable traits.
  • Inbreeding: Crossing individuals with similar traits.
  • Polyploidy: Possessing more than two sets of chromosomes.
  • Gel electrophoresis: Separates DNA fragments by size to analyze them.
  • DNA cloning: Making copies of a gene.
  • Ribosomal DNA: Used for analyzing genetic information.
  • Genetic markers: DNA sequences with known locations.

Additional Concepts

  • Pedigrees: Diagrams tracking traits through generations.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of genetics including genotype, phenotype, and Mendel's principles of inheritance. This quiz covers important terms and concepts such as true-breeding parents, Punnett squares, and the principles of dominance and codominance. Test your understanding of how traits are passed through generations.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser