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Questions and Answers
Which method is considered a memory technique?
Which method is considered a memory technique?
According to Gardner's theory, which type of intelligence is influenced by cultural background?
According to Gardner's theory, which type of intelligence is influenced by cultural background?
What does Intelligence A represent in Philip Vernon's model?
What does Intelligence A represent in Philip Vernon's model?
What are the three components of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
What are the three components of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?
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What does Intelligence C measure according to Vernon?
What does Intelligence C measure according to Vernon?
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Which approach emphasizes the active role of learners in their understanding?
Which approach emphasizes the active role of learners in their understanding?
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Who is a key figure in the development of constructivism?
Who is a key figure in the development of constructivism?
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What is the focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
What is the focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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What does social interactionism primarily challenge?
What does social interactionism primarily challenge?
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Which theorist emphasized the role of language in mediating interactions?
Which theorist emphasized the role of language in mediating interactions?
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What is the concept associated with Vygotsky that focuses on learning just beyond one's current abilities?
What is the concept associated with Vygotsky that focuses on learning just beyond one's current abilities?
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What does Feuerstein's structural cognitive modifiability refer to?
What does Feuerstein's structural cognitive modifiability refer to?
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In the social constructivist model, what role do learners play?
In the social constructivist model, what role do learners play?
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What do effective teachers' beliefs influence according to the chapter?
What do effective teachers' beliefs influence according to the chapter?
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According to the social constructivist model, which element influences the nature of interaction and learning experiences?
According to the social constructivist model, which element influences the nature of interaction and learning experiences?
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What aspect does the chapter consider when defining effective teaching?
What aspect does the chapter consider when defining effective teaching?
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What is the primary focus of educational psychology as described in the content?
What is the primary focus of educational psychology as described in the content?
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Which psychological approach emphasizes observable behavior as its primary focus?
Which psychological approach emphasizes observable behavior as its primary focus?
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What is a key aspect of the social constructivist approach to education?
What is a key aspect of the social constructivist approach to education?
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According to the authors, what differentiates learning from education?
According to the authors, what differentiates learning from education?
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What practice do the authors advocate for teachers to engage in?
What practice do the authors advocate for teachers to engage in?
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How do behaviorists explain the process of learning?
How do behaviorists explain the process of learning?
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What is a shortcoming of traditional views of education according to the authors?
What is a shortcoming of traditional views of education according to the authors?
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What is highlighted as an important aspect of language tasks in education?
What is highlighted as an important aspect of language tasks in education?
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Why is a supportive environment important for language learning?
Why is a supportive environment important for language learning?
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What is one key aspect of ongoing professional development for teachers?
What is one key aspect of ongoing professional development for teachers?
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What role do teachers play according to the reflective practitioner model?
What role do teachers play according to the reflective practitioner model?
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What does Feuerstein's theory of mediation emphasize about teachers?
What does Feuerstein's theory of mediation emphasize about teachers?
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Which of the following influences teachers' classroom practices?
Which of the following influences teachers' classroom practices?
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What aspect of teaching is emphasized as complex and dynamic?
What aspect of teaching is emphasized as complex and dynamic?
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What is at the core of Feuerstein's theory of mediation?
What is at the core of Feuerstein's theory of mediation?
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How does social constructivism view knowledge acquisition?
How does social constructivism view knowledge acquisition?
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What role does a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) play in learning?
What role does a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) play in learning?
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What does scaffolding involve in the context of education?
What does scaffolding involve in the context of education?
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How did Vygotsky view social interaction in learning?
How did Vygotsky view social interaction in learning?
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Which of the following strategies is NOT a form of scaffolding?
Which of the following strategies is NOT a form of scaffolding?
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In the example of ZPD, what did the student learning tennis need help with?
In the example of ZPD, what did the student learning tennis need help with?
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What is a key characteristic of effective scaffolding?
What is a key characteristic of effective scaffolding?
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Which teaching strategy involves students working together to assist each other's learning?
Which teaching strategy involves students working together to assist each other's learning?
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What is reciprocal teaching primarily focused on?
What is reciprocal teaching primarily focused on?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Educational Psychology: Behaviorism and Cognitive Psychology
- Educational psychology applies psychological principles to education, emphasizing the study of learning and instruction.
- Learning and education are distinct; education aims to enrich learners' lives and educate the whole person.
- Teachers should reflect on their own values and beliefs to better understand their teaching practices.
Behaviorism and Cognitive Psychology
- Behaviorism explains learning through conditioning, where a stimulus elicits a response (S-R theory).
- B.F. Skinner's work emphasized the importance of reinforcement in shaping behavior.
- Cognitive psychology focuses on internal mental processes like memory, attention, and problem-solving.
Intelligence
- Traditional views of intelligence as a fixed trait are limited.
- Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes different types of intelligence, recognizing cultural influence on linguistic intelligence.
- Philip Vernon proposed three types of intelligence: genetic potential (A), displayed intelligence (B), and IQ-measured intelligence (C).
- Intelligence is better viewed as a descriptive term (intelligent behavior) than a fixed entity.
Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
- Defines intelligence as purposeful adaptation to the real world, emphasizing the importance of context.
- Composed of three components: metacomponents (executive skills), performance components (task operations), and knowledge acquisition components (learning processes).
- Implications for language teachers: learners can succeed with support, and developing effective learning strategies is essential.
Constructivism
- Emphasizes the active role of learners in constructing their own understanding.
- Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development outlines stages children progress through, highlighting the importance of aligning learning tasks with developmental levels.
Social Interactionism
- Challenges traditional views of independent learning.
- Learning is considered inherently social and occurs through interactions within a social world.
- Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of language in mediating interactions and shaping thought.
- He introduced the zone of proximal development (ZPD) - learning experiences slightly beyond a learner's current capabilities, facilitated by more knowledgeable individuals.
- Reuven Feuerstein believed in the potential of every learner and proposed the concept of structural cognitive modifiability.
A Social Constructivist Model
- Integrates insights from cognitive, humanistic, and social interactionist perspectives.
- Four core interconnected elements:
- Learners: active meaning-makers who construct knowledge through interaction.
- Teachers: mediators guiding learning and creating supportive environments.
- Tasks: interfaces influencing learning experiences.
- Context: the environment surrounding learning.
What Do Teachers Bring to the Teaching-Learning Process?
- Effective teaching cannot be defined solely by observable behaviors or external characteristics.
- Teachers' beliefs, both implicit and explicit, significantly shape their teaching practices.
- Understanding personal beliefs is crucial for reflection and growth.
- Experience plays a key role in shaping teaching approaches, impacting classroom behavior and decision-making.
- The reflective practitioner model encourages ongoing reflection and adaptation, contributing to professional development.
- Teachers are active mediators in the learning process, helping students construct their own knowledge through interaction and guidance.
- They create environments that foster meaningful learning and support student cognitive and emotional needs.
What Can Teachers Do to Promote Learning?
- Teachers can actively promote learning through mediation, guided by Feuerstein’s theory of mediation.
- Mediation refers to the teacher's role in shaping the way students perceive and understand new material.
- More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): any individual (teacher, peer, etc.) who facilitates learning.
- MKOs provide guidance and feedback, adjusting their support based on the learner's needs.
- Scaffolding: providing temporary support that is gradually removed as the learner becomes more competent.
- Effective scaffolding involves adjusting help to the learner’s needs and progressively reducing assistance.
- Social interaction and cooperative learning are crucial as learners learn from observing, imitating, and practicing within a supported framework.
- Providing learning experiences within a learner's ZPD requires constant assessment of what learners can do independently and where they need support.
- Scaffolding involves strategies like modeling tasks, breaking down complex tasks into smaller steps, providing hints, and giving feedback.
- Reciprocal teaching involves guiding students in summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting to enhance comprehension skills.
- Over time, the teacher's role is minimized as students gain independence.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in educational psychology, including behaviorism and cognitive psychology. It focuses on how different psychological theories impact learning and teaching practices. Additionally, it touches on the evolving understanding of intelligence, particularly through Howard Gardner's theory.
