Introduction to Drugs and Their Effects
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Introduction to Drugs and Their Effects

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of Rho(D) immune globulin (RhIG)?

  • To treat autoimmune diseases in children
  • To treat bacterial infections in mothers
  • To prevent RhD isoimmunization in RhD-negative mothers (correct)
  • To increase red blood cell production

    • When should RhIG be administered postpartum?

  • Within 24 hours after delivery
  • Within 7 days after delivery
  • Within 14 days after delivery
  • Within 72 hours after delivery (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of RhIG?

  • Nausea (correct)
  • Headache
  • Fever
  • Pain at the site of injection

    • In which scenario should RhIG NOT be given?

    <p>To a D-negative female with a D-negative fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often does a single dose of RhIG typically last?

    <p>12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for administering RhIG?

    <p>Being RhD positive after molecular testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is RhIG administered?

    <p>Intravenously or by injection into muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen if more than 15 mL of Rho+ fetal RBC is present in the mother's circulation?

    <p>Multiple 1500 IU doses are required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about folic acid and depression is true?

    <p>Taking folic acid can improve symptoms in some people with depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does folic acid have on blood pressure?

    <p>It reduces blood pressure in some individuals who are not on other medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily dose of folic acid to avoid side effects?

    <p>1 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a potential side effect of taking high doses of folic acid?

    <p>Seizures and behavior changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For individuals who do not add folic acid to grain products, what is a benefit of taking folic acid supplements?

    <p>Reduces the risk of stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable concern about taking folic acid in high doses for a long period?

    <p>It might increase the risk for cancer and heart attack in individuals with heart problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What application of folic acid has shown to prevent gum enlargement caused by phenytoin?

    <p>Topical application of folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form of folic acid can also be found in supplements besides the conventional form?

    <p>L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is commonly associated with oxytocic agents in mothers?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can oxytocic agents have on the fetus?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition is folic acid primarily used to reduce risk during pregnancy?

    <p>Neural tube defects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional benefit does folic acid provide to older adults?

    <p>Improvement in memory and thinking skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible consequence of using oxytocic agents during labor?

    <p>Decreased fetal heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of taking high doses of folic acid?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary uses of folic acid supplements besides preventing birth defects?

    <p>Reducing homocysteine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious side effect can oxytocic agents cause in mothers during labor?

    <p>Seizure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pharmacology primarily concerned with?

    <p>All aspects of drugs in medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some drugs referred to as non-prescription drugs?

    <p>They can be obtained without a doctor's prescription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason why medicines are important?

    <p>To enhance physical appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can drugs be administered to a living organism?

    <p>Through various methods including inhalation or ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary biological effect of a drug?

    <p>To produce a change in an organism's physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical use for pharmaceutical drugs?

    <p>To treat and diagnose diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common effect can some drugs provide to help mental health?

    <p>To relieve anxiety and cope with stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a pharmaceutical drug?

    <p>A chemical that produces biological effects when administered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended daily dose of folic acid for adults over 18 years of age during pregnancy?

    <p>1000 mcg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of folic acid for adults?

    <p>400 mcg DFE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group has a maximum upper limit of 600 mcg of folic acid daily?

    <p>9-13 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should high doses of folic acid be avoided by individuals with a history of cancer?

    <p>It might increase the risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk for people recovering from angioplasty when taking folic acid?

    <p>Worsening of narrowed arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might happen if folic acid is taken by individuals with seizure disorders?

    <p>It might make seizures worse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equivalent of 1 mcg DFE in terms of folic acid supplements?

    <p>0.6 mcg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should children generally avoid regarding folic acid intake?

    <p>Taking amounts higher than the daily upper limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Drugs

    • Drugs are chemical substances impacting physiological and psychological functions in living organisms.
    • Distinction between drugs and food lies in the lack of nutritional support provided by drugs.
    • Routes of administration include inhalation, injection, ingestion, skin absorption, suppository, and sublingual dissolution.
    • Pharmacology examines drugs’ mechanisms, properties, metabolism, therapeutic uses, and toxicity.
    • Historically sourced from medicinal plants, drugs are increasingly synthesized chemically.
    • Pharmaceuticals can be short-term or for chronic conditions.

    Definition of Pharmaceutical Drugs

    • Pharmaceutical drugs, or medications, are used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases.
    • Some medications require prescriptions, while others are available over-the-counter, such as analgesics, antacids, and antihistamines.

    Importance of Medicines

    • Used to cure, halt, or prevent diseases and relieve symptoms.
    • Can promote well-being and have calming effects for anxiety and stress relief.
    • May be used for sedation or wakefulness.

    Side Effects of Oxytocic Agents

    • Maternal side effects include nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias, severe hypotension, seizures, and anaphylaxis.
    • Fetal side effects include hypoxia, decreased heart rate, uteroplacental hypoperfusion, hypercapnia, perinatal hepatic necrosis, jaundice, and low Apgar scores.

    Hematological Medications

    • Medications prescribed by midwives include iron and folate preparations, anti-D immunoglobulin, hepatitis B vaccine/immunoglobulin, and vitamin K for neonates.

    Folic Acid

    • Folic acid (vitamin B9) addresses deficiency and minimizes pregnancy complications.
    • Benefits include reducing homocysteine levels, mitigating nausea from methotrexate, preventing neural tube defects, and enhancing memory in older individuals.
    • It improves depression symptoms and lowers blood pressure in certain demographics.
    • Effective for treating vitamin deficiencies and skin disorders like vitiligo.

    Side Effects and Precautions of Folic Acid

    • Typical doses up to 1 mg daily are generally safe; higher doses may cause stomach upset, nausea, and potential serious side effects like seizures or behavior changes.
    • Excessive intake can potentially increase cancer risk or worsen heart issues for those with existing conditions.
    • Not recommended for those with seizure disorders or untreated vitamin B12 deficiency.

    Dosing Recommendations for Folic Acid

    • Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): 400 mcg DFE daily for adults, 600 mcg DFE daily during pregnancy.
    • 1 mcg DFE from food equals 0.6 mcg of folic acid supplements.

    Rho(D) Immune Globulin (RhIG)

    • Used to prevent RhD isoimmunization in RhD-negative mothers and treat idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).
    • Administered via injection; effects last for around 12 weeks.

    Side Effects of RhIG

    • Common side effects include fever, headache, and injection site pain.
    • Risks entail allergic reactions, kidney issues, and rare viral infections.

    Contraindications for RhIG

    • Not applicable to D-negative women whose fetus is D-negative, previously sensitized D-negative women, D-positive women, and specific cases of weak or partial D mutations.

    Dosage Forms & Administration

    • Dosage strengths available include 50 mcg, 300 mcg, and various units for injectable formulations.
    • Administer antepartum at 28-30 weeks (1500 IU) and postpartum within 72 hours to minimize hemolytic disease risk. If delayed, administer within 28 days as needed. Multiple doses may be warranted for significant fetal RBC presence.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the definition and types of drugs, along with their physiological and psychological effects on living organisms. Learn about how drugs differ from food and the methods of administration. Test your knowledge on this crucial topic in pharmacology.

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