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Questions and Answers
What is the primary route of administration that bypasses absorption into the bloodstream?
What is the primary route of administration that bypasses absorption into the bloodstream?
Which process refers to how a drug moves from the bloodstream into the body tissues?
Which process refers to how a drug moves from the bloodstream into the body tissues?
What happens to the drug half-life when the concentration decreases to 50% of its original level?
What happens to the drug half-life when the concentration decreases to 50% of its original level?
Which organ is primarily responsible for the metabolism of drugs?
Which organ is primarily responsible for the metabolism of drugs?
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Which administration form is most effective in non-keratinized areas of the body?
Which administration form is most effective in non-keratinized areas of the body?
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What is the major method of drug elimination from the body?
What is the major method of drug elimination from the body?
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What term describes the autonomic nervous system's functions?
What term describes the autonomic nervous system's functions?
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In which scenario would a drug be eliminated unchanged from the body?
In which scenario would a drug be eliminated unchanged from the body?
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What is the primary effect of the sympathomimetic drugs on blood pressure?
What is the primary effect of the sympathomimetic drugs on blood pressure?
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Which medication is considered a cholinergic drug that stimulates body functions?
Which medication is considered a cholinergic drug that stimulates body functions?
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What type of receptors do adrenergic blockers typically inhibit?
What type of receptors do adrenergic blockers typically inhibit?
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Which of the following medications is indicated for treating diarrhea?
Which of the following medications is indicated for treating diarrhea?
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What is a common adverse effect of narcotic analgesics?
What is a common adverse effect of narcotic analgesics?
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Which type of antibiotic is effective against rapid-growing bacteria by destroying cell wall integrity?
Which type of antibiotic is effective against rapid-growing bacteria by destroying cell wall integrity?
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Which is a contraindication for the use of anticholinergic medications?
Which is a contraindication for the use of anticholinergic medications?
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What is a unique property of tetracycline regarding its use?
What is a unique property of tetracycline regarding its use?
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What type of action do nitromidazoles have against bacteria?
What type of action do nitromidazoles have against bacteria?
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Which of the following describes the mechanism of action for aspirin?
Which of the following describes the mechanism of action for aspirin?
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Which medication is primarily used for the management of seizure activities?
Which medication is primarily used for the management of seizure activities?
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What is a common side effect of combining alcohol with nitroglycerin?
What is a common side effect of combining alcohol with nitroglycerin?
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Which condition does not require antibiotic premedication according to the guidelines?
Which condition does not require antibiotic premedication according to the guidelines?
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Which medication is classified as a statin?
Which medication is classified as a statin?
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Which of the following is a sign of opioid overdose?
Which of the following is a sign of opioid overdose?
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Which treatment is primarily used for hypothyroidism?
Which treatment is primarily used for hypothyroidism?
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Which medication is known to cause gingival overgrowth?
Which medication is known to cause gingival overgrowth?
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Which of the following statements about estrogen is true?
Which of the following statements about estrogen is true?
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What is the effect of the first-pass effect on orally administered drugs?
What is the effect of the first-pass effect on orally administered drugs?
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Which route of administration is considered the safest, least expensive, and most convenient?
Which route of administration is considered the safest, least expensive, and most convenient?
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What advantage does intravenous (IV) administration provide?
What advantage does intravenous (IV) administration provide?
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Why might rectal administration of drugs be less favorable?
Why might rectal administration of drugs be less favorable?
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Which of the following statements about intramuscular (IM) administration is true?
Which of the following statements about intramuscular (IM) administration is true?
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Inhalation as a route of administration is noted for which characteristic?
Inhalation as a route of administration is noted for which characteristic?
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What is a drawback of subcutaneous drug administration?
What is a drawback of subcutaneous drug administration?
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What is a potential disadvantage of using intravenous administration?
What is a potential disadvantage of using intravenous administration?
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Which of the following medications is commonly used to prevent stroke and myocardial infarction?
Which of the following medications is commonly used to prevent stroke and myocardial infarction?
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What is the mechanism of action of diuretics in treating hypertension?
What is the mechanism of action of diuretics in treating hypertension?
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Why should caution be exercised when using vasoconstricting local anesthetics in patients taking cardiovascular medications?
Why should caution be exercised when using vasoconstricting local anesthetics in patients taking cardiovascular medications?
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Which class of drugs is characterized by the suffix 'olol'?
Which class of drugs is characterized by the suffix 'olol'?
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What is the primary role of anticoagulant therapy?
What is the primary role of anticoagulant therapy?
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Which medication is a common example of a thiazide diuretic?
Which medication is a common example of a thiazide diuretic?
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What potential side effect should be monitored in patients taking Coumadin (warfarin)?
What potential side effect should be monitored in patients taking Coumadin (warfarin)?
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Which of the following is a primary effect of beta-adrenergic blockers?
Which of the following is a primary effect of beta-adrenergic blockers?
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Study Notes
Drug Effects
- Pharmacologic effects refer to the actions of the drug on the body.
- Therapeutic effects are the desired beneficial outcomes of drug administration.
- Toxic effects are harmful responses caused by drugs, necessitating careful dosing.
- The Therapeutic Index (TI) assesses the safety margin of drugs, comparing the dose producing toxicity to the dose producing the desired effect.
Routes of Administration (ROA)
- The route of administration influences the speed of onset and duration of drug action.
- Enteral ROAs involve the gastrointestinal tract, including oral (safest and most convenient) and rectal (poor absorption).
- Parenteral ROAs bypass the GI tract, including various injection methods (IV, IM, SC/SQ, ID, IT, IP), inhalation, and topical (sublingual) application.
Enteral ROA
- Oral administration can be affected by the first-pass effect, where liver metabolism reduces the drug's bioavailability.
- Rectal administration has poor absorption rates and is less accepted by patients.
Parenteral ROA
- IV administration allows for rapid effects and predictable blood levels, with potential risks like phlebitis.
- IM injection provides sustained effects through muscle absorption; massage can increase absorption.
- Subcutaneous injection is commonly used for proteins; risks include sterile abscesses.
- Intradermal injections, inhalation, and topical applications serve specific therapeutic purposes.
ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination)
- Absorption involves the movement of drugs from the site of administration to the bloodstream; IV bypasses this phase.
- Distribution sends drugs to areas of high blood flow, with oral routes directing drugs first to the liver.
- Metabolism (biotransformation) mainly occurs in the liver; impaired function can affect drug breakdown.
- Elimination removes drugs from the body, commonly through the kidneys, but can also occur via multiple other routes.
Half-Life
- Drug half-life (t1/2) represents the time required for plasma concentration to reduce by 50%, influencing duration of drug effects.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- The ANS controls involuntary functions, significantly impacting blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion.
- Two divisions exist: Parasympathetic (rest and digest) and Sympathetic (fight or flight), with distinct neurotransmitter actions.
Cholinergics (Parasympathomimetics)
- These drugs stimulate body functions, indicated for conditions like xerostomia and glaucoma; include pilocarpine and nicotine.
- Contraindications include asthma and peptic ulcers.
Anticholinergics
- These inhibit functions by blocking cholinergic receptors; examples include atropine (for decreased salivary flow) and scopolamine (for motion sickness).
- Adverse reactions include dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision.
Adrenergic Drugs (Sympathomimetics)
- These stimulate α and β receptors, treating conditions like asthma and anaphylaxis; examples include albuterol and epinephrine.
- Adverse effects can include anxiety, hypertension, and potential contraindications in patients with cardiovascular disease.
Adrenergic-Blockers (β Blockers)
- These inhibit adrenergic receptors and are indicated for hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias; examples include propranolol and atenolol.
- Selective β blockers can provide safer options for patients with respiratory conditions.
Analgesics
- Nonopioid options like aspirin and acetaminophen function by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, with specific indications and contraindications.
- Opioids block pain receptors, posing risks for respiratory depression, sedation, and addiction.
Antagonists/Addiction Treatments
- Naloxone (Narcan) serves as an opioid antagonist to counteract overdoses.
- Methadone is used to manage narcotic withdrawal and dependence, effective for specific opioids.
Antibiotics/Antiinfectives
- Key terms include bacteriocidal (kills bacteria) vs. bacteriostatic (inhibits growth) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).
- Penicillin is most common in dentistry, while macrolides, tetracyclines, and cephalosporins play crucial roles in bacterial treatment.
Cardiovascular Agents
- Anticoagulants like warfarin and clopidogrel prevent stroke and heart attacks.
- Common hypertensive drugs include diuretics, beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors, with specific side effects to monitor.
AHA Guidelines for Antibiotic Premedication
- Certain cardiac conditions require antibiotic premedication prior to procedures; includes prosthetic heart valves and history of infective endocarditis.
Miscellaneous Hints
- Statins lower cholesterol; common examples include atorvastatin and simvastatin.
- Alcohol interactions with nitroglycerin can lead to hypotension.
- Common causes of gingival overgrowth include phenytoin and calcium channel blockers.
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Description
Explore the pharmacologic effects, therapeutic effects, and toxic effects of drugs. This quiz also covers the therapeutic index and the various routes of administration, focusing on how these factors influence drug onset and duration. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in pharmacology.
