Introduction to Distributed Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the typical mistakes made in the design of distributed systems?

  • Assuming bandwidth is finite
  • Assuming the network is unreliable
  • Assuming there are multiple administrators
  • Assuming latency is zero (correct)

    • Which of the following describes a Cloud in high performance distributed computing?

  • Pool of virtualized resources accessed via the Internet (correct)
  • Collaboration of resources from various geographical locations
  • A single supercomputer with specialized hardware
  • Collection of physical computers in a single location

    • What property must distributed transaction processes observe?

  • ACID properties (correct)
  • Distributed ledger protocols
  • Consistency conditions
  • CAP theorem

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a scalability limitation of distributed systems?

    <p>Network failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of pervasive computing systems?

    <p>Context awareness and autonomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of system is characterized by thousands of small sensing devices?

    <p>Sensor networks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)?

    <p>Service-oriented architecture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a Grid in high performance distributed computing?

    <p>Collaboration of resources from independent organizations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a motivation for using distributed systems?

    <p>Centralized control and management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between a decentralized system and a distributed system?

    <p>Decentralized systems focus on spreading processes and resources across multiple computers, while distributed systems only require some processes and resources to be spread. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is NOT a challenge associated with decentralized or distributed systems?

    <p>Centralized control and management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a decentralized system?

    <p>A blockchain network for cryptocurrency transactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a potential benefit of using a distributed system?

    <p>Enhanced scalability and availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a relevant example of a distributed system in practice?

    <p>Local file sharing network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about decentralisation is TRUE?

    <p>Decentralization is a property of a system, not a specific design goal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant challenge inherent in distributed systems?

    <p>Complexity in designing and managing the system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of distribution in a distributed system?

    <p>To sufficiently spread a system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of distributed systems focuses on exchanging data between processes?

    <p>Communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'transparency' refer to in distributed systems?

    <p>The system's ability to hide the physical distribution of resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of 'location transparency'?

    <p>Hiding the physical location of an object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a dimension of scalability?

    <p>Performance scalability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of dependability refers to how safe failures are?

    <p>Safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the governance of openness within distributed systems?

    <p>Using a standardized Interface Definition Language (IDL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'fault tolerance' in distributed systems?

    <p>The ability to recover from system failures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does security play in distributed systems?

    <p>It ensures authorized access to resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT represent a type of transparency in distributed systems?

    <p>Connection transparency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'scaling up' typically refer to in the context of distributed systems?

    <p>Increasing system performance through additional resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of resource sharing in distributed systems?

    <p>Access to both remote and local resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major trade-off involved in consistency and replication?

    <p>Consistency vs. availability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Distributed Systems

    • Lecture by Martin Tomášek, PhD.
    • Presented at Technical University of Košice, 2024/2025

    Basic Concepts

    • Overview:

      • Decentralization and distribution of systems
      • Distributed systems perspectives
      • Goals of designing distributed systems
      • Types of distributed systems

    • Motivation for distributed systems:

      • Computer networks (LAN, WAN)
      • Mobile/portable devices (computers, smartphones)
      • Embedded systems
      • Networking is inherent in most modern computer systems

    Decentralized vs. Distributed Systems

    • Decentralized (1):
      • Initial connections between computers—integration of existing systems
      • Systems spread across multiple computers
      • Examples: cloud services, content delivery networks, NAS
    • Decentralized (2):
      • Centralized solutions usually simpler
      • Decentralized and distributed systems often complex
      • Unknown dependencies and partial failures
      • Decentralization is a property, not the goal
      • Goal is to sufficiently and efficiently spread the system

    Distributed Systems Perspectives

    • Architecture:

      • Common organizational structures
      • Different styles for common organizations

    • Process:

      • Models of processes in distributed systems

    • Communication:

      • Distributed system methods of data exchange

    • Coordination:

      • Processes coordinates mechanisms for global clocks and access control

    • Resource sharing:

      • Accessing and sharing remote and local resources

    • Transparency:

      • Hiding the distribution of resources
      • Different types of transparency include access, location, relocation, migration, replication, concurrency, failure.
      • Balancing performance and comprehensibility is important

    • Openness:

      • Services operate based on standard rules
      • Describes syntax and semantics of services
      • Components that allow for interoperability, portability (system portability), and extensibility needed
      • Policy and mechanisms should be separated

    • Dependability:

      • Availability: system readiness
      • Reliability: continuous operation without failure
      • Safety: proper handling of system failures
      • Maintainability: ease of system repairs

    • Security:

      • Authentication
      • Authorization
      • Cryptography-based authentication to set up trusted communication channels

    • Scalability:

      • Systems should adapt to increasing demands and requests
      • Dimensions of scalability; size, geographical and administrative scalability
      • Scaling techniques; vertical and horizontal scaling
      • Hiding communication latencies
      • Scalability has definite restrictions

    • Typical Design Mistakes:

      • Assumption of network reliability and security
      • Homogeneity
      • Static topology
      • Zero latency and bandwidth
      • Single administrator

    High-Performance Distributed Computing

    • Cluster: Grouping simple computers to create powerful computing resources
    • Grid: Combining resources from different organizations
    • Cloud: Accessible virtualized resources via web-based services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)

    Distributed Information Systems

    • Distributed transaction processes:
      • Operations following ACID properties
      • Definitions for communication types
      • Nested transactions and transaction-processing monitor
    • Enterprise Application Integration (EAI):
      • Method for integrating various applications
    • Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):
      • Using services to build application functionality, and integrating these services.
      • Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) for connecting those services

    Pervasive Systems

    • Internet of Things (IoT):
      • Ubiquitous computing systems (context awareness, autonomy, intelligence)
    • Mobile computing systems:
      • Mobile devices and location changes
    • MANET: Mobile ad-hoc network systems
    • Mobile edge computing:
      • Mobile cloud computing
    • Sensor networks:
      • Many small sensory devices
    • Cloud computing versus Edge Computing:
      • Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different types of computing.

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    Related Documents

    Distributed Systems Lecture Notes 2024/2025 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of distributed systems in this quiz based on the lecture by Martin Tomášek, PhD. Understand key concepts such as decentralization, types of distributed systems, and their motivations in modern computing. This quiz will help you grasp the complexities and implications of distributed architectures.

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