Introduction to Distributed Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the typical mistakes made in the design of distributed systems?

  • Assuming bandwidth is finite
  • Assuming the network is unreliable
  • Assuming there are multiple administrators
  • Assuming latency is zero (correct)

Which of the following describes a Cloud in high performance distributed computing?

  • Pool of virtualized resources accessed via the Internet (correct)
  • Collaboration of resources from various geographical locations
  • A single supercomputer with specialized hardware
  • Collection of physical computers in a single location

What property must distributed transaction processes observe?

  • ACID properties (correct)
  • Distributed ledger protocols
  • Consistency conditions
  • CAP theorem

Which of the following is NOT considered a scalability limitation of distributed systems?

<p>Network failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pervasive computing systems?

<p>Context awareness and autonomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of system is characterized by thousands of small sensing devices?

<p>Sensor networks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)?

<p>Service-oriented architecture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Grid in high performance distributed computing?

<p>Collaboration of resources from independent organizations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a motivation for using distributed systems?

<p>Centralized control and management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a decentralized system and a distributed system?

<p>Decentralized systems focus on spreading processes and resources across multiple computers, while distributed systems only require some processes and resources to be spread. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options is NOT a challenge associated with decentralized or distributed systems?

<p>Centralized control and management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a decentralized system?

<p>A blockchain network for cryptocurrency transactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a potential benefit of using a distributed system?

<p>Enhanced scalability and availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a relevant example of a distributed system in practice?

<p>Local file sharing network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about decentralisation is TRUE?

<p>Decentralization is a property of a system, not a specific design goal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant challenge inherent in distributed systems?

<p>Complexity in designing and managing the system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of distribution in a distributed system?

<p>To sufficiently spread a system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of distributed systems focuses on exchanging data between processes?

<p>Communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'transparency' refer to in distributed systems?

<p>The system's ability to hide the physical distribution of resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of 'location transparency'?

<p>Hiding the physical location of an object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a dimension of scalability?

<p>Performance scalability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of dependability refers to how safe failures are?

<p>Safety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in the governance of openness within distributed systems?

<p>Using a standardized Interface Definition Language (IDL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines 'fault tolerance' in distributed systems?

<p>The ability to recover from system failures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does security play in distributed systems?

<p>It ensures authorized access to resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT represent a type of transparency in distributed systems?

<p>Connection transparency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'scaling up' typically refer to in the context of distributed systems?

<p>Increasing system performance through additional resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of resource sharing in distributed systems?

<p>Access to both remote and local resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major trade-off involved in consistency and replication?

<p>Consistency vs. availability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Decentralized System

A networked computer system where processes and resources are spread across multiple computers, but the connection is not the primary focus. There is a need to connect existing computers.

Distributed System

A networked computer system where processes and resources are spread across multiple computers, with the interconnectedness being a fundamental part of the system.

Integrative View of Computer Networks

The process of connecting existing computers together to share resources and capabilities.

Expansive View of Computer Networks

The process of adding features and functionality to existing computers to enable communication and resource sharing.

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Distributed System Motivation

A system where the focus is on distributing processes and resources to achieve scalability, fault tolerance, and efficiency. Often used for large-scale services and applications.

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Decentralized System Examples

Systems like blockchain, federative learning, and distributed control systems are examples where processes and resources are spread across multiple computers, but there is no central authority.

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Distributed System Examples

Cloud services, content delivery networks, and network-attached storage (NAS) are examples of systems where processes and resources are spread across multiple computers to achieve scalability and high performance.

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Decentralization as a Property

While both decentralization and distribution are complex, the focus on decentralized systems is on the property of resource spread, not on the goal itself. The question is how to implement decentralization effectively and efficiently.

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Scalability

A distributed system's ability to handle increasing numbers of requests.

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Transparency

The degree to which a user is unaware of the physical distribution of resources.

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Resource Sharing

Provides access to remote resources and enables sharing of local resources.

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Fault Tolerance

The ability of a system to operate correctly even in the presence of failures.

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Consistency and Replication

The trade-offs between consistency, replication, and performance in a distributed system.

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Fault Tolerance

The ability to mask failures and recover from them.

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Naming

The process of resolving a name to the access point of the named entity.

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Security

Ensuring authorized access to resources and understanding security's role in other aspects of distributed systems.

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Communication

The methods used by processes in a distributed system to exchange data.

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Cluster

A collection of computers connected to form a 'supercomputer' through a high-speed network.

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Grid

A collaboration of resources from different organizations, creating a virtual organization that allows for shared computing power.

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Coordination

The act of processes coordinating tasks in a distributed system, often using techniques like global clocks or mutual exclusion.

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Cloud

Pool of virtualized resources accessible through the internet, offering various services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS).

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Architecture

Describes the common organization and styles used in distributed systems.

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Distributed Transaction Processing

A system where operations follow ACID properties and communication primitives are used for data consistency.

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Design Goals

A set of goals that guide the design and development of distributed systems.

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Dependability

The ability of a system to operate correctly even in the presence of failures.

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Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

A software architecture that enables communication between different applications by using web services.

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Enterprise Service Bus (ESB)

A software infrastructure that facilitates communication between various applications in an enterprise.

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Process

The different types of processes that occur in distributed systems.

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Distribution

The goal of sufficiently spreading a system, with less spreading generally being preferable.

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Sensor Networks

Millions of tiny devices that collect and share information.

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Mobile Computing Systems

Systems that can operate in various environments and locations, enabling access to information anytime, anywhere.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Distributed Systems

  • Lecture by Martin Tomášek, PhD.
  • Presented at Technical University of Košice, 2024/2025

Basic Concepts

  • Overview:

    • Decentralization and distribution of systems
    • Distributed systems perspectives
    • Goals of designing distributed systems
    • Types of distributed systems

  • Motivation for distributed systems:

    • Computer networks (LAN, WAN)
    • Mobile/portable devices (computers, smartphones)
    • Embedded systems
    • Networking is inherent in most modern computer systems

Decentralized vs. Distributed Systems

  • Decentralized (1):
    • Initial connections between computers—integration of existing systems
    • Systems spread across multiple computers
    • Examples: cloud services, content delivery networks, NAS
  • Decentralized (2):
    • Centralized solutions usually simpler
    • Decentralized and distributed systems often complex
    • Unknown dependencies and partial failures
    • Decentralization is a property, not the goal
    • Goal is to sufficiently and efficiently spread the system

Distributed Systems Perspectives

  • Architecture:

    • Common organizational structures
    • Different styles for common organizations

  • Process:

    • Models of processes in distributed systems

  • Communication:

    • Distributed system methods of data exchange

  • Coordination:

    • Processes coordinates mechanisms for global clocks and access control

  • Resource sharing:

    • Accessing and sharing remote and local resources

  • Transparency:

    • Hiding the distribution of resources
    • Different types of transparency include access, location, relocation, migration, replication, concurrency, failure.
    • Balancing performance and comprehensibility is important

  • Openness:

    • Services operate based on standard rules
    • Describes syntax and semantics of services
    • Components that allow for interoperability, portability (system portability), and extensibility needed
    • Policy and mechanisms should be separated

  • Dependability:

    • Availability: system readiness
    • Reliability: continuous operation without failure
    • Safety: proper handling of system failures
    • Maintainability: ease of system repairs

  • Security:

    • Authentication
    • Authorization
    • Cryptography-based authentication to set up trusted communication channels

  • Scalability:

    • Systems should adapt to increasing demands and requests
    • Dimensions of scalability; size, geographical and administrative scalability
    • Scaling techniques; vertical and horizontal scaling
    • Hiding communication latencies
    • Scalability has definite restrictions

  • Typical Design Mistakes:

    • Assumption of network reliability and security
    • Homogeneity
    • Static topology
    • Zero latency and bandwidth
    • Single administrator

High-Performance Distributed Computing

  • Cluster: Grouping simple computers to create powerful computing resources
  • Grid: Combining resources from different organizations
  • Cloud: Accessible virtualized resources via web-based services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)

Distributed Information Systems

  • Distributed transaction processes:
    • Operations following ACID properties
    • Definitions for communication types
    • Nested transactions and transaction-processing monitor
  • Enterprise Application Integration (EAI):
    • Method for integrating various applications
  • Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA):
    • Using services to build application functionality, and integrating these services.
    • Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) for connecting those services

Pervasive Systems

  • Internet of Things (IoT):
    • Ubiquitous computing systems (context awareness, autonomy, intelligence)
  • Mobile computing systems:
    • Mobile devices and location changes
  • MANET: Mobile ad-hoc network systems
  • Mobile edge computing:
    • Mobile cloud computing
  • Sensor networks:
    • Many small sensory devices
  • Cloud computing versus Edge Computing:
    • Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different types of computing.

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Related Documents

Distributed Systems Lecture Notes 2024/2025 PDF

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