Introduction to Criminology

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Questions and Answers

What does criminology primarily study?

The scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims (correct)

Law enforcement strategies in urban areas

The psychology of criminals only

Economic factors contributing to crime

Which of the following is NOT included in the practice of criminology according to the scope outlined?

Law enforcement administrator

Forensic chemist

Social worker (correct)

Private investigator

In which areas can professionals in criminology work according to Section 5?

Private security, education, and forensic science (correct)

Political campaigning and advocacy

Real estate and property management

Legal consultancy and tax advisory

What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 11131 as described?

To regulate the criminology profession in the Philippines Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is associated with the correctional aspect of criminology based on the provided content?

Supervising rehabilitation and penal facilities Signup and view all the answers

Under the practice of criminology, who can perform as a private investigator?

Registered criminologists or authorized professionals Signup and view all the answers

What is required for an individual to be considered a professor in criminology?

Teaching in a government-recognized institution Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific technique is explicitly mentioned within the scope of criminology?

Forensic photography Signup and view all the answers

What did George Wilker argue about criminology?

It is hindered by ethical limitations and human behavior complexity. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is Emile Durkheim associated with in criminology?

Anomie Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for inventing the Panopticon institutional building?

Jeremy Bentham Signup and view all the answers

Which study focuses on the relationship between crime rates and population density?

Criminal Demography Signup and view all the answers

Which factor indicates the 'guilty mind' necessary for a crime to occur?

Mens Rea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Criminal Psychology?

Analyzing human behavior concerning criminality. Signup and view all the answers

What component of the Crime Prevention Triangle relates to the opportunity for crime?

Opportunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major contributor to Modern Criminology?

Edwin Sutherland Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classifications of crimes is characterized by the use of deceit?

Felony Signup and view all the answers

What is Criminal Ecology concerned with?

The spatial distribution of criminal behavior in communities. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of crime prevention suggests that removing any aspect can prevent a crime?

Crime Prevention Triangle Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'Concurrence' in the context of crime?

Guilty intent coincides with the guilty act Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of crime highlights its spread throughout society?

Pervasive Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'Causation' in legal terms?

Link between the criminal act and the harm suffered Signup and view all the answers

Which crime classification is associated with minor violations of local regulations?

Infraction Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of criminology does Earnest Hooton focus on?

Organic inferiorities in criminals. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Doli Incapax' imply in legal terms?

A child is deemed incapable of committing a criminal act. Signup and view all the answers

Which Latin maxim states that ignorance of law excuses no one?

Ignorantia Legis Neminem Excusat Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Aberratio Ictus' refer to in the context of criminal law?

A misapprehension relating to the victim in the physical act. Signup and view all the answers

Which maxim reflects that the law, despite its harshness, must be followed?

Dura Lex Sed Lex Signup and view all the answers

In the context of criminal liability, what is meant by 'Mistake of Fact'?

An error regarding a fact that would have justified the act if true. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a crime committed by means of culpa or fault?

The injury is unintentional. Signup and view all the answers

What stage of committing a crime is defined when the offender begins but does not complete the felony due to external reasons?

Attempted Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a Complex Crime Proper?

An act necessary for committing another offense. Signup and view all the answers

Grave felonies are associated with which type of punishment?

Capital punishment or afflictive penalties Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a mala in se crime?

Robbery Signup and view all the answers

An acquisitive crime is characterized by which of the following outcomes?

The offender acquires or gains something. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the frustrated stage of crime commission?

All acts are performed, but the felony does not occur due to external factors. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a light felony in terms of penalties?

A fine not exceeding 200 pesos or short imprisonment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Criminology Overview

Criminology is the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, focusing on the prevention and solution of crime.
The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018 was approved on November 8, 2018, repealing Republic Act No. 6506.

Scope of Criminology Practice

Involves law enforcement roles in agencies like PNP, NBI, BFP, and PDEA.
Includes teaching positions in accredited institutions.
Encompasses roles in forensic sciences, including DNA analysis, ballistics, and lie detection.
Covers corrections-related professions in rehabilitation and penal institutions, as well as community-based programs.
Considers research and consultancy roles on criminological issues, including crime causes and police operations.

Key Theorists and Concepts

George Wilker emphasized the psychological aspects of criminal behavior, noting moral anomalies over physical features.
Jeremy Bentham is recognized for his contributions to moral philosophy and the design of the Panopticon.
Edwin Sutherland is known as the Dean of Modern Criminology, exploring the social dimensions of crime.

Definitions and Concepts

Law: A system of rules enforced by social and governmental institutions.
Norms: Behavioral standards shared by a social group.
Criminal Demography: Study of crime's relationship with population dynamics.
Crime: An act violating public law; classifications include felonies, offenses, and infractions.

Factors Constituting Crime

Corpus Delicti: The body of the crime.
Actus Reus: The guilty act.
Mens Rea: The guilty mind.
Concurrence: The relationship between actus reus and mens rea.
Causation: The causal link between the act and harm.

Crime Prevention Triangle

For a crime to occur, three components must exist: desire, ability, and opportunity.
Removing any one component can prevent the crime.

Characteristics and Classifications of Crime

Pervasive: Crime is widespread across society.
Expensive: Crime incurs significant economic costs.
Destructive: Crime causes harm to victims and communities.
Reflective: Crime mirrors societal issues and norms.
Progressive: Crime evolves with societal changes.

Legal Classifications of Crimes

Felony: Serious crimes punishable under the Revised Penal Code.
Offense: Violations of specific laws.
Infraction: Minor violations of city or municipal ordinances.

Stages in Commission of Crime

Attempted: Offender begins crime but does not complete it.
Frustrated: Offender executes all necessary acts but fails due to external factors.
Consummated: All elements of the crime are completed.

Complex Crimes

Simple Crime: A single act constituting one offense.
Complex Crime: A single act constituting multiple offenses.

Gravity of Crimes

Grave Felonies: Severe offenses punishable by severe penalties.
Less Grave Felonies: Intermediate severity offenses.
Light Felonies: Minor offenses with lighter penalties.

Nature of Crimes

Mala in Se: Acts that are inherently evil (e.g., murder).
Mala Prohibita: Acts prohibited by law but not inherently wrong (e.g., traffic violations).

Criminological Classifications

Acquisitive Crime: The offender gains something from the crime.

Actus Reus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea: An act is not criminal unless the mind is guilty.
Doli Incapax: A child is incapable of committing a crime.
Ignorantia Legis Neminem Excusat: Ignorance of the law excuses no one.

Key Legal Concepts

Praeter Intentionem: Injury resulting is greater than intended.
Aberratio Ictus: Mistake in the victim during the act.
Mistake of Fact: A misapprehension that could have justified the act.

Historical Contributions

Justice Ignacio Borbon Villamor produced early scientific works on criminology in the Philippines, notably "Criminality in the Philippines 1903-1908."
Notable figures include August Comte, Charles Darwin, and Emile Durkheim, who contributed to foundational theories in criminology and sociology.

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Description

Explore the essential principles of criminology, including the regulations of the criminology profession in the Philippines as outlined in Republic Act No. 11131. This quiz will test your understanding of key concepts, laws, and the historical context of criminology in the Philippines.