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Questions and Answers
What does criminology primarily study?
What does criminology primarily study?
- The scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims (correct)
- Law enforcement strategies in urban areas
- The psychology of criminals only
- Economic factors contributing to crime
Which of the following is NOT included in the practice of criminology according to the scope outlined?
Which of the following is NOT included in the practice of criminology according to the scope outlined?
- Law enforcement administrator
- Forensic chemist
- Social worker (correct)
- Private investigator
In which areas can professionals in criminology work according to Section 5?
In which areas can professionals in criminology work according to Section 5?
- Private security, education, and forensic science (correct)
- Political campaigning and advocacy
- Real estate and property management
- Legal consultancy and tax advisory
What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 11131 as described?
What was the purpose of Republic Act No. 11131 as described?
Which activity is associated with the correctional aspect of criminology based on the provided content?
Which activity is associated with the correctional aspect of criminology based on the provided content?
Under the practice of criminology, who can perform as a private investigator?
Under the practice of criminology, who can perform as a private investigator?
What is required for an individual to be considered a professor in criminology?
What is required for an individual to be considered a professor in criminology?
Which scientific technique is explicitly mentioned within the scope of criminology?
Which scientific technique is explicitly mentioned within the scope of criminology?
What did George Wilker argue about criminology?
What did George Wilker argue about criminology?
Which concept is Emile Durkheim associated with in criminology?
Which concept is Emile Durkheim associated with in criminology?
Who is known for inventing the Panopticon institutional building?
Who is known for inventing the Panopticon institutional building?
Which study focuses on the relationship between crime rates and population density?
Which study focuses on the relationship between crime rates and population density?
Which factor indicates the 'guilty mind' necessary for a crime to occur?
Which factor indicates the 'guilty mind' necessary for a crime to occur?
What is the primary focus of Criminal Psychology?
What is the primary focus of Criminal Psychology?
What component of the Crime Prevention Triangle relates to the opportunity for crime?
What component of the Crime Prevention Triangle relates to the opportunity for crime?
Which of the following is a major contributor to Modern Criminology?
Which of the following is a major contributor to Modern Criminology?
Which of the following classifications of crimes is characterized by the use of deceit?
Which of the following classifications of crimes is characterized by the use of deceit?
What is Criminal Ecology concerned with?
What is Criminal Ecology concerned with?
Which component of crime prevention suggests that removing any aspect can prevent a crime?
Which component of crime prevention suggests that removing any aspect can prevent a crime?
What is the significance of 'Concurrence' in the context of crime?
What is the significance of 'Concurrence' in the context of crime?
Which characteristic of crime highlights its spread throughout society?
Which characteristic of crime highlights its spread throughout society?
What is indicated by the term 'Causation' in legal terms?
What is indicated by the term 'Causation' in legal terms?
Which crime classification is associated with minor violations of local regulations?
Which crime classification is associated with minor violations of local regulations?
What aspect of criminology does Earnest Hooton focus on?
What aspect of criminology does Earnest Hooton focus on?
What does 'Doli Incapax' imply in legal terms?
What does 'Doli Incapax' imply in legal terms?
Which Latin maxim states that ignorance of law excuses no one?
Which Latin maxim states that ignorance of law excuses no one?
What does 'Aberratio Ictus' refer to in the context of criminal law?
What does 'Aberratio Ictus' refer to in the context of criminal law?
Which maxim reflects that the law, despite its harshness, must be followed?
Which maxim reflects that the law, despite its harshness, must be followed?
In the context of criminal liability, what is meant by 'Mistake of Fact'?
In the context of criminal liability, what is meant by 'Mistake of Fact'?
What characterizes a crime committed by means of culpa or fault?
What characterizes a crime committed by means of culpa or fault?
What stage of committing a crime is defined when the offender begins but does not complete the felony due to external reasons?
What stage of committing a crime is defined when the offender begins but does not complete the felony due to external reasons?
Which of the following best describes a Complex Crime Proper?
Which of the following best describes a Complex Crime Proper?
Grave felonies are associated with which type of punishment?
Grave felonies are associated with which type of punishment?
Which of the following is an example of a mala in se crime?
Which of the following is an example of a mala in se crime?
An acquisitive crime is characterized by which of the following outcomes?
An acquisitive crime is characterized by which of the following outcomes?
What happens during the frustrated stage of crime commission?
What happens during the frustrated stage of crime commission?
What defines a light felony in terms of penalties?
What defines a light felony in terms of penalties?
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Study Notes
Criminology Overview
- Criminology is the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, focusing on the prevention and solution of crime.
- The Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018 was approved on November 8, 2018, repealing Republic Act No. 6506.
Scope of Criminology Practice
- Involves law enforcement roles in agencies like PNP, NBI, BFP, and PDEA.
- Includes teaching positions in accredited institutions.
- Encompasses roles in forensic sciences, including DNA analysis, ballistics, and lie detection.
- Covers corrections-related professions in rehabilitation and penal institutions, as well as community-based programs.
- Considers research and consultancy roles on criminological issues, including crime causes and police operations.
Key Theorists and Concepts
- George Wilker emphasized the psychological aspects of criminal behavior, noting moral anomalies over physical features.
- Jeremy Bentham is recognized for his contributions to moral philosophy and the design of the Panopticon.
- Edwin Sutherland is known as the Dean of Modern Criminology, exploring the social dimensions of crime.
Definitions and Concepts
- Law: A system of rules enforced by social and governmental institutions.
- Norms: Behavioral standards shared by a social group.
- Criminal Demography: Study of crime's relationship with population dynamics.
- Crime: An act violating public law; classifications include felonies, offenses, and infractions.
Factors Constituting Crime
- Corpus Delicti: The body of the crime.
- Actus Reus: The guilty act.
- Mens Rea: The guilty mind.
- Concurrence: The relationship between actus reus and mens rea.
- Causation: The causal link between the act and harm.
Crime Prevention Triangle
- For a crime to occur, three components must exist: desire, ability, and opportunity.
- Removing any one component can prevent the crime.
Characteristics and Classifications of Crime
- Pervasive: Crime is widespread across society.
- Expensive: Crime incurs significant economic costs.
- Destructive: Crime causes harm to victims and communities.
- Reflective: Crime mirrors societal issues and norms.
- Progressive: Crime evolves with societal changes.
Legal Classifications of Crimes
- Felony: Serious crimes punishable under the Revised Penal Code.
- Offense: Violations of specific laws.
- Infraction: Minor violations of city or municipal ordinances.
Stages in Commission of Crime
- Attempted: Offender begins crime but does not complete it.
- Frustrated: Offender executes all necessary acts but fails due to external factors.
- Consummated: All elements of the crime are completed.
Complex Crimes
- Simple Crime: A single act constituting one offense.
- Complex Crime: A single act constituting multiple offenses.
Gravity of Crimes
- Grave Felonies: Severe offenses punishable by severe penalties.
- Less Grave Felonies: Intermediate severity offenses.
- Light Felonies: Minor offenses with lighter penalties.
Nature of Crimes
- Mala in Se: Acts that are inherently evil (e.g., murder).
- Mala Prohibita: Acts prohibited by law but not inherently wrong (e.g., traffic violations).
Criminological Classifications
- Acquisitive Crime: The offender gains something from the crime.
Latin Maxims Related to Criminal Law
- Actus Reus Non Facit Reum Nisi Mens Sit Rea: An act is not criminal unless the mind is guilty.
- Doli Incapax: A child is incapable of committing a crime.
- Ignorantia Legis Neminem Excusat: Ignorance of the law excuses no one.
Key Legal Concepts
- Praeter Intentionem: Injury resulting is greater than intended.
- Aberratio Ictus: Mistake in the victim during the act.
- Mistake of Fact: A misapprehension that could have justified the act.
Historical Contributions
- Justice Ignacio Borbon Villamor produced early scientific works on criminology in the Philippines, notably "Criminality in the Philippines 1903-1908."
- Notable figures include August Comte, Charles Darwin, and Emile Durkheim, who contributed to foundational theories in criminology and sociology.
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