Questions and Answers
What does the term 'Criminology' derive from?
The term Criminology derives from the Latin word 'crimen' meaning accusation and the Greek word 'logia' meaning study.
Who coined the term 'Criminologia'?
Rafaelle Garofalo.
What is the definition of Criminology according to Sutherland?
Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding crimes as a social phenomenon.
What law created the board of examiners for Criminologists in the Philippines?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Criminology?
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What are 'Crimes Mala In Se'?
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What is the legal classification for violations of public law?
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A person who commits a crime is known as a ______.
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Who is known as the 'Father of Modern Criminology'?
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Criminology is a field that never changes over time.
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What is 'Hedonism' in the context of the Classical School of Thought?
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Which of the following is a type of Criminal according to Lombroso?
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What does the term 'Differential Association Theory' propose?
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Study Notes
Criminology Basics
- Criminology originates from the Latin word "CRIMEN" (accusation) and Greek "LOGIA" (study).
- First coined as "Criminologia" by Rafaelle Garofalo and "Criminologie" by Paul Topinard.
- Defined as the study of crimes as a social phenomenon, encompassing law-making, law-breaking, and societal reactions to crime.
Criminology as a Profession
- Governed by R.A. 6506 in the Philippines, establishing the Board of Examiners for Criminologists.
- A licensed Criminologist must graduate in Criminology, pass the board exam, and register with the board.
Characteristics of Criminology
- Applied Science: Utilizes other scientific disciplines, often referred to as Criminalistics.
- Social Science: Focuses on crime as a societal issue.
- Dynamic: Adapts over time.
- Nationalistic: Reflects the social standards and needs of specific territories.
Crime Definition and Classification
- Crime: Act violating public law; includes committed (commission) and omitted (omission) acts.
- Crimes Mala In Se: Inherently evil, universally condemned (e.g., murder, rape).
- Crimes Mala Prohibita: Violations of established laws (e.g., traffic violations).
Legal Classification of Crimes
- Felony: Serious crimes defined in the Revised Penal Code (e.g., Direct Assault).
- Offense: Violations of special laws (e.g., VAWC).
- Infraction: Minor violations (e.g., Anti-Littering Ordinance).
Plurality and Gravity of Crimes
- Simple Crime: Single act results in one offense (e.g., petty thievery).
- Complex Crime: Single act leads to multiple serious crimes (e.g., bombing).
- Classifications by gravity include Grave Felonies (capital punishment), Less Grave Felonies (correctional penalties), and Light Felonies (minor infractions).
Crime Result and Timing Classifications
- Acquisitive Crime: Victim experiences loss (e.g., theft).
- Extinctive Crime: End result is destruction (e.g., arson).
- Seasonal Crime: Committed at specific times (e.g., election fraud).
- Situational Crimes: Context-dependent actions (e.g., direct assault).
- Instant Crimes: Quick actions (e.g., snatching).
- Episodic Crimes: Involves prolonged acts (e.g., kidnapping).
Offender Classifications
- White Collar Crimes: Committed by reputable individuals in professional settings (e.g., tax fraud).
- Blue Collar Crimes: Committed by individuals in pursuit of subsistence (e.g., pickpocketing).
Criminals Overview
- Criminals are defined legally upon conviction or criminologically at the moment of crime commission.
- Classification includes:
- Acute Criminals: Acts impulsively in extreme emotion.
- Chronic Criminals: Engaged in deliberate planning.
- Neurotic Criminals: Actions arise from psychological conflicts.
- Normal Criminals: Ordinary individuals identifying as criminals.
Criminal Behavior Theories
- Demonological Theory: Criminals are thought to be demonically possessed.
- Divine Will Theory: Crimes seen as divine punishment.
Classical School of Criminology
- Emphasizes human free will and seeks retribution through punishment.
- Key figures include Cesare Beccaria, who advocated certainty of punishment, and Jeremy Bentham with his Hedonistic Utilitarianism.
Positive School of Criminology
- Suggests criminal behavior is influenced by biological and psychological factors.
- Cesare Lombroso proposed the concept of "born criminals," identifiable through physical traits.
Biological and Psychiatric Influences
- Physiognomy links facial features to behavior.
- Craniology studies skull shape in relation to criminality.
- Heredity studies, such as Juke and Kallikak Family Trees, explore criminality's genetic aspects.
Psychological and Sociological Theories
- Various theories attribute crime to mental health (e.g., Healy, Aichorn, and Freud) or social interactions (e.g., Sutherland's Differential Association Theory).
- Hirschi's Social Bond Theory connects diminished societal ties to crime.
Summary of Key Theorists
- Lombroso and Garofalo: Focus on biological and psychological origins of criminality.
- Kretschmer and Sheldon: Study body types and their association with crime.
- Sutherland: Pioneered social learning theories predicting criminal behavior based on group influences.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of criminology, including its origins and definitions. Learn about the professional standards and characteristics that define criminology as a social science. This quiz covers the legal framework governing criminologists in the Philippines and the nature of crime as a societal phenomenon.
