Introduction to Communication
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Questions and Answers

What phrase encapsulates Marshall McLuhan's perspective on media?

  • The medium is the message. (correct)
  • The media shapes our perceptions.
  • Media influences society minimally.
  • Technology defines communication.

What is a significant change brought about by digitalisation and convergence in media?

  • Increased mobility and delocalization. (correct)
  • Reduced network connectivity.
  • Decreased audience interactivity.
  • More formal publications.

According to the content, how does society influence media development?

  • By technology advancements exclusively.
  • Through culture, religion, and laws. (correct)
  • Through government censorship only.
  • By ignoring media trends.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between media and business?

<p>Media have special responsibilities beyond profit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is essential to understanding how newsworthiness is determined?

<p>Newsworthiness is influenced by journalistic conventions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of new media described in the content?

<p>Informal norms and new languages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do financial backers play in media content according to the second law of journalism?

<p>They reflect their interests in media content. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What exemplifies the globalized influence on local media?

<p>Importation of foreign programs and genres. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration is highlighted regarding the posting of sensitive images on social media?

<p>Respecting the dignity of individuals in sensitive situations is important. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT mentioned as a category of media in relation to Maltese society?

<p>Media as a form of entertainment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential impact of the disappearance of all forms of media?

<p>There would be a significant loss of communication and information access. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a belief about the relationship between technology and communication?

<p>The mediums of communication heavily influence the message conveyed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might young people prefer new media over traditional media?

<p>New media provides more immediate and engaging content. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question does the concept of 'The Global Village' raise about modern society?

<p>Is the interconnectedness of technology truly beneficial? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle defines the ethical responsibility of media professionals according to the discussed content?

<p>Choosing actions based on what is right, not what is convenient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the cost of platforms like Facebook and Instagram?

<p>They are entirely free and have no underlying costs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Fishman and Tuchman argue regarding the nature of newsworthiness?

<p>It is socially constructed through the practices of journalism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contrast exists between market-driven journalism and normative journalism?

<p>Normative journalism focuses on societal responsibilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Croteau and Hoynes view the gap between media and reality?

<p>It is crucial for the existence of various media genres. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the statement that media effects involve change?

<p>Changes can occur in information, attitudes, or behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of society is commonly normalized by media, according to the content?

<p>A consumer-capitalist organization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'journalism of attachment' contrast with?

<p>Objective journalism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the influence of media on audiences?

<p>The strength of media influence varies based on several factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about journalists' attitudes towards events?

<p>They construct narratives that reflect larger societal beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical issue involves misleading information for journalistic gain?

<p>Deceit and entrapment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach is suggested for analyzing ethical dilemmas in media?

<p>Potter’s Box (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the Maltese population listened to radio in 2022?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Broadcasting Authority in Malta?

<p>To regulate content of the broadcasting sector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which platform had the highest reported usage among Maltesers for news in 2021?

<p>Television (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of media ownership in Malta?

<p>Media is mostly owned by political parties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As of 2022, what percentage of the Maltese population used social media daily?

<p>85% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which media type experienced a lower success rate in Malta compared to commercial radio?

<p>Commercial TV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of agenda setting imply about media influence?

<p>Media influences how much importance audiences attach to issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the spiral of silence theory, what often prevents individuals from expressing minority views?

<p>Fear of being isolated from society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of cultivation theory?

<p>Media can cultivate specific attitudes and values in a culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes ethical media according to the provided content?

<p>Ethical media is accurate, truthful, and enhances human dignity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary strength of mass media in the diffusion of innovations?

<p>Facilitating information diffusion effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which media theory suggests that audiences see only what they want to see?

<p>Selective exposure theory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of ethical media aims to protect against misinformation?

<p>Serving the common good. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of interpersonal communication is typically strong in persuasion during the diffusion of innovations?

<p>Decision stage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

The Global Village

The concept that technology, particularly communication technology, has the power to connect people globally, creating a sense of interconnectedness and shrinking the world.

Media as Technologies

The physical objects used to communicate and transmit information. Examples include books, newspapers, televisions, smartphones, and the internet.

The Medium is the Message

The idea that the medium or platform (like a book or a television) is as crucial to the message as the content itself. For instance, a book is different from a film in terms of how it presents information.

Media Organizations

The various organizations and institutions that produce and distribute media content. They control the information that reaches the audience.

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Media Influence

The potential effects of media on individuals and society. This includes the impact on beliefs, values, behaviors, and social interactions.

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Journalistic Ethics

The ethical principles and guidelines that direct media professionals in their work. It encompasses aspects like truthfulness, fairness, accuracy, and respect.

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Media and Culture

The study of the impact of media on society and culture. This includes analyzing the role of media in shaping values, norms, and behaviors.

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Ethics and the Media

The moral and ethical considerations that guide individuals and organizations in their use and production of media. It goes beyond journalistic ethics to encompass all forms of media and communication.

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How news is manufactured

The process of news gathering and reporting, influenced by journalistic practices like deadlines, story selection, and framing, rather than objective reflections of events.

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Emphasis on events vs. processes

The practice of emphasizing events over the underlying processes that cause them, leading to a fragmented understanding of complex situations.

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Social construction of news

The idea that news is not an inherent property of events but rather a product of journalists' choices and interpretations, shaped by factors such as journalistic norms, deadlines, and audience expectations.

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Market-driven journalism

Journalism that prioritizes engaging content and fulfilling audience interests over holding power accountable or informing the public.

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Media's influence on worldview

The emphasis on individualistic values and consumer culture in media often promotes a worldview that emphasizes private life and ignores collective interests.

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Media and reality gap

Recognizing that media often presents a stylized version of reality rather than a direct reflection, and exploring how even fictional narratives can reveal aspects of society.

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Media effects on audiences

Exploring the potential effects of media on audience, including changes in knowledge, attitudes, or behavior.

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Types of media effects

Different types of changes that media can induce in audiences, including information acquisition, attitude shifts, and behavioral modifications.

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Digitalization and convergence

The process of technology integrating and becoming increasingly interconnected, such as the convergence of television, internet, and mobile devices.

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Increased interactivity and network connectivity

A shift in media from passive consumption to active participation and interaction, enabled by digital technologies.

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Mobility and delocation of sending and receiving

The removal of geographical barriers in communication, allowing for instant global exchange of information and interaction.

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Adaptation of publication and audience roles

Changes in how information is disseminated and consumed as a result of digital technologies. This includes the rise of citizen journalism, user-generated content, and new forms of distribution.

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Norms and conventions on new media

The rules and practices that govern how people communicate and behave within a particular online space.

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Media are one structure out of many

The idea that media are just one of many structures in society, alongside others like the economy, politics, education, and culture, and that they interact and influence each other.

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Society influences the media

The idea that society shapes the media, with factors like political systems, economic forces, cultural values, and legal frameworks influencing the development and content of media.

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Potter's Box

A method for analyzing ethical dilemmas in media by considering four key elements: facts, values, principles, and loyalties.

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Media Ethics

The study of the moral principles and guidelines that govern media professionals' work, encompassing truthfulness, fairness, accuracy, and respect.

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Truth and Accuracy

The ethical principle of accurately reporting information without intentional distortion or manipulation.

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Privacy in Media

The ethical challenge of balancing the need for information with the right to privacy.

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Audience Ethics

The ethical consideration of the potential impact of media content on audiences, both consciously and unconsciously.

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Media Ownership and Influence

The ethical implications of media ownership by political parties or other institutions, potentially influencing the content and perspectives presented.

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Media Regulation and Ethics

The ethical consideration of whether media content should be regulated or left to market forces.

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Agenda Setting

The idea that media can shape public opinion by emphasizing certain issues and making others less important.

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Selective Exposure

A theory suggesting that people are more likely to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs and avoid information that contradicts them.

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Cultivation Theory

A theory proposing that mass media, especially television, can cultivate beliefs and values about the world in audiences.

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Uses & Gratifications

A theory suggesting that individuals are active consumers of media and choose to use it to satisfy their needs and desires.

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Two-Step Flow

A theory suggesting that individuals are influenced by those around them, especially opinion leaders, who have more knowledge and influence about certain topics.

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Diffusion of Innovations

The process by which new ideas, products, or practices spread through a population. It involves stages of awareness, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation.

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Reception Theory

A theory exploring how individuals make sense of media messages based on their own experiences, beliefs, and social contexts.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Communication

  • Presentation by Dr. Joseph Borg
  • Date: October 2024

Questions Before Introduction

  • After Daphne Caruana Galizia's assassination, photos of her body parts were posted on social media. Was this ethical?
  • Why weren't these photos published in newspapers or on TV?

Technological Impact & Social Media

  • Did parents of the current generation take selfies?
  • Does it make sense to converse with virtual friends while physically with others?
  • Can a person live without a smart phone?

Media Products and Audiences

  • Do media products exist for their audiences?
  • Are Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok free?
  • Does Google give users what they want to see on the web?

Media in Malta vs. Overseas

  • Why do young people prefer new media over traditional media?
  • Are media organizations in Malta similar to organizations overseas?

Media Influence on Individuals

  • Are individuals influenced by media?

Media and Court Cases

  • Is it right to name and show photos of people accused in court?

Media, Culture, and Society

  • Media as technologies, structures, and content
  • Role of media in Maltese society
  • Ethics in media (beyond journalistic ethics—doing what's right, not just what's convenient)

Media as Technologies

  • What would happen if the internet and social media disappeared?
  • What happens if TV and radio disappear?
  • What happens if print technology disappears?
  • What is a day without technology?

Image and Likeness on Smart Phones

  • How are images and likenesses of our smart phones?
  • What if Moses had a laptop instead of tablets on Mount Sinai?
  • Key idea of Innis: content's form matters more than the words themselves.

A Day Without Technology

  • YouTube video link provided

Media Technologies (McLuhan)

  • "The Global Village" — Is it really a village?
  • "The medium is the message" — McLuhan

Changes Linked to New Media

  • Digitalisation and convergence
  • Increased interactivity and network connectivity
  • Mobility and delocation of sending and receiving
  • Adaptation of publication and audience roles

Norms and Conventions on New Media

  • Norms on the internet, new media, and new organizations
  • More informal mechanisms
  • New languages
  • Emoticons
  • Different platforms with unique characteristics and audiences
  • Potential for abuse (e.g., Cambridge Analytica)

Media and Other Structures (e.g. Economy, Politics)

  • Media are one structure among many (economy, politics, education, culture)

Society's Influence on Media

  • Political system
  • Economy and industry
  • Religion and culture
  • Laws and education

Media Systems (USA vs. N. Korea)

  • Comparison of media systems

Globalized Society and Media

  • Imported programs
  • Copied genres
  • Foreign world views

Media as Businesses

  • Ownership and financing (commercial, non-profit, public service, state-owned)
  • Responsibility beyond business

Media's Special Responsibilities

  • Influence values
  • Symbolic universe
  • Essential part of a democracy
  • Altschull idea: "those who finance the media" determine media content

Media Content Types

  • News
  • Opinion
  • Entertainment
  • Advertising
  • Advocacy

What is Newsworthiness?

  • Is news objectivity inherent, or constructed?
  • News construction is based on journalist conventions & organizational needs

The Manufacture of News

  • Journalism's procedures affect news selection

Newsworthiness as Socially Constructed

  • News is not inherent but attached to events by journalists

Market-Driven vs. Normative Journalism

  • Citizens should be aware of this difference

Dogs and Lampposts

  • Satirical statement on media's treatment of figures in power

Advertising and Consumer Culture

  • Celebrates consumerism
  • Normalizes capitalist lifestyles
  • Ignores collective values

Media Representation and Reality

  • Media do not always represent reality
  • "Fantasy" elements within media have potential to teach about society
  • Stereotyping

Media Influence

  • Effects on audiences
  • Audiences: servants or bosses? active or passive?

Effects of Media

  • Strength or weakness of an effect relies on the media's pervasiveness and credibility, extent and uniformity of the coverage and level of opposite opinion. Media effects depend on the audience's capacity for critical thinking and the degree to which a certain stance is entrenched within society.

  • How widespread is media coverage and how uniform is it with other media?

  • The volume of opinions for or against particular stances

  • How well developed is critical reasoning in the audience?

Other Media Theories

  • Two-step flow (example)
  • Selective exposure (example)
  • Hypodermic model (example)
  • Uses and gratifications (example)
  • Reception theories (example)

Diffusion of Innovations

  • Mass media's strength in disseminating information
  • Strength varies at different levels of adoption

Interpersonal Communication and Diffusion

  • Importance of persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation stages

Agenda-Setting Theory

  • Media influence the public's perception of important issues, and importance assigned to certain issues.
  • Combs and Shaw (1976) theory

Spiral of Silence

  • Avoiding isolation by adjusting one's opinions to societal norms and expectations
  • Noelle-Neumann (1991)

Cultivation Theory

  • Mass media's impact on shaping public attitudes and values
  • George Gerbner's theory

Reception Theory

  • YouTube video link provided

Media Ethics

  • Ethics guarantee media quality
  • Ethical decisions are reasoned
  • Media ethics enhance human dignity
  • Ethics give a voice to the voiceless.

Further Media Ethics

  • Serving humans not capital
  • Promoting international solidarity
  • Serving common good
  • Protecting rights to information and privacy
  • Accurate and truthful, not sensational
  • Not propagating stereotypes
  • Dependent on journalists, producers, and audiences

Course Structure

  • Different ethical theories
  • Holistic approach (Potter's Box)
  • Relationship between law and media ethics

Content Concerning Issues

  • Truth and accuracy
  • Deceit and entrapment
  • Privacy
  • Editorial and advertising ethics
  • Entertainment ethics
  • Audience ethics.

Maltese Media

  • Media ownership by political parties and other institutions
  • Widespread use of Facebook and social media
  • Prevalence of commercial radio stations
  • Absence of dominant commercial TV
  • Presence of foreign media

Number of Media Stations in Malta

  • 13 national FM radio stations (with others on digital platforms)
  • Numerous community radio stations
  • Several TV stations on the GIO platform and teleshopping stations

Media Usage in Malta

  • Data on printed newspapers (8%)
  • Usage of news websites (72%)
  • Use of magazines (7%)
  • Radio listening (50%)
  • TV viewing (69% on TV, 31% online)

Media Usage in Malta (Internet & Social Media)

  • Internet and FB usage very high (95% daily)
  • Facebook's everyday usage (71%)
  • YouTube usage (51%)
  • Smart phone usage (87%)

###Preferred Media Sources

  • Links news portals on FB
  • Television
  • Radio
  • Online newspapers
  • Facebook friends
  • Other people

Regulators

  • Broadcasting Authority rules the content sector
  • Communications Authority regulates networks and services

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Explore the nuances of communication in today's media landscape through this quiz. Delve into ethical challenges, the influence of social media, and the comparison of media in Malta and overseas. Engage with thought-provoking questions regarding the impact of technology on personal interactions and societal norms.

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