Information and Communication Technologies - III

Social media refers to the means of interactions among people where they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.

A Social media platform refers to an online digital service or website that enables users to create, share, and interact with content. It allows users to interact and connect with others in a virtual environment.

<p>Cyberethics is a branch of applied ethics that examines moral, legal, and social issues at the intersection of computer/information and communication technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyber Law, often termed IT Law, focuses on information-technology, including computers and the internet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A database is an organized collection of data stored in a computer system, typically managed by a DBMS (Database Management System).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data is statically raw and unprocessed information, like name, class, marks, etc. It is a piece of information that can be translated into a form for efficient movement and processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An application (app) is a computer program designed to help people perform a specific activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AI refers to the application of artificial intelligence technologies and techniques to various aspects of information technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Machine learning (ML) is a branch of AI and computer science that focuses on using data and algorithms to enable AI to imitate human learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Machine Learning Technology is defined as a system that optimizes performance using statistical methods to infer conclusions from data and computer science methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence broadly defined as the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Machine learning is applied in communication through signal detection, channel encoding and decoding, channel estimation, prediction, compression, and resource allocation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three main ML types are supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supervised learning is a machine learning paradigm where input objects (predictor variables) and a desired output value (supervisory signal) train a model. This process creates a function that maps new data to expected output values based on the learned patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unsupervised learning algorithms find structures in data that hasn't been labeled or categorized. They do not explicitly require feedback but identify commonalities in the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement learning is an interdisciplinary area of machine learning and optimal control that is concerned with how an intelligent agent ought to take actions in a dynamic environment to maximize the cumulative reward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A DBMS is a software system used to manage a database and its various operations like insertion, deletion, updating, and retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DBMS offers data abstraction, integrity, security, sharing, and analysis. It provides a high-level interface for users and applications and enforces rules and constraints to ensure data accuracy, consistency, and validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MySQL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A database system is typically self-describing, provides insulation between data and program, supports multiple user views of the data, and enables sharing of data with multiple user transaction processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data independence refers to separating the management of data from the programs that use it. Changes in the structure of a database do not require changes in the way data is accessed or manipulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Logical Data Independence involves changing the logical or conceptual schema of a database without affecting the external schema. It allows modifications like adding or removing attributes without impacting existing application programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A data model is a description of the organization of a database. It defines the way entities and their relationships are represented within the database.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An entity in a database represents a group of similar information or data that is relevant to an organization. It is a key building block of a database model and represents a particular concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attributes are the characteristics of an entity that define its properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Database Security is the process of protecting a database from unintended activities, including authenticated misuse, malicious attacks, and inadvertent mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data Security addresses the aspects of Privacy of data elements, Preserving Policies of the Organization, System-related security levels, and Maintaining the integrity of the database.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relates to the legal and ethical rights regarding the access to certain personal data items. Critical information, like medical records, should not be accessed, read, or modified by unauthorized people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This refers to the level of the system at which security should be enforced, such as hardware level, operating system level, or DBMS level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining Integrity of Database ensures that the data items stored in the database are valid and consistent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Database security risks include unauthorized user access, accidental or deliberate privilege granting to unauthorized users, improper concurrent transaction processing, unauthorized access through communication channels, intentional data copying, forced information transmission, memory protection failure against virus attack, and system malfunctioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legislation and security laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The different levels of security include Network Level Security, Operating System (OS) Level Security, Database System Level Security, Program Level Security, Record Level Security, and Field Level Security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Database Integrity refers to preserving data correctly and ensuring that the database is protected from accidental deletion or alteration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When many users enter data, ensuring data integrity through data insertions, updations, and other operations is crucial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entity Integrity Constraint</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Entity Integrity Constraint ensures that each entity (row) is distinguishable and unique through the use of primary keys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Referential Integrity Constraint ensures that a value appearing in one relation for an attribute also appears in another relation if the two relations are related through a common attribute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Domain Integrity Constraint specifies that the value of an attribute should be within a defined domain (set of atomic values).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implementing integrity constraint checking in a DBMS eliminates inconsistency, reduces the burden on application programmers, prevents duplication of efforts, and protects the database from manipulation by malicious users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>User Authentication is a process of verifying the identity of a user before granting access to a database. It secures data from unauthorized access, preventing data theft, data loss, or network attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common methods of user authentication include multi-factor authentication, password authentication, certificate authentication, biometrics token authentication, device authentication API, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>User Authentication in DBMS verifies whether the person accessing the data is legitimate or not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>User Authorization determines which specific database operations and data objects a user can access based on their authentication status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>User Authorization controls both 'access' and 'actions'. It determines which data objects a user can access and which database operations they can perform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Authorization is typically paired with Authentication, which verifies a user's identity. Authentication grants access, while Authorization controls what operations and resources a user can access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Users gain authorization through their user ID, membership in a group or role, or by being granted authorization permissions. Other methods include access control, inference control, flow control, and encryption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data Encryption is a process of converting plaintext data into ciphertext by using a unique encryption key.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data Encryption is crucial for securing data, especially in today's digital landscape where data theft and hacks are common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of data encryption are Symmetric Key Encryption and Asymmetric Key Encryption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symmetric Key Encryption uses a single unique key for both encryption and decryption. This key must be securely shared between the sender and receiver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access Control enables organizations to manage who has access to corporate data and resources by defining authorization policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access Control regulates who can access data, while Encryption encodes data to prevent unauthorized access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RBAC grants access to resources based on a user's role within an organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ABAC uses attributes to determine access to resources. It provides more granular control, allowing access based on a combination of attributes like user roles, data sensitivity, and network location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DAC allows authorized users to control access to objects, providing a decentralized approach to access management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A DBA designs, implements, maintains databases, ensures data security, monitors performance, backs up and recovers data, troubleshoots issues, provides user support, plans for capacity, handles data extraction, transformation, and loading, and maintains software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transaction Recovery ensures that a database is consistent and reliable by managing individual DBMS operations, called transactions, as a single unit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transactions can be terminated through Suicidal Termination (due to detected errors), Murderous Termination (forced by the DBMS or operating system), and Successful Termination (after completing successfully).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Database Backups involve creating copies of a database to a permanent storage medium like magnetic tape to preserve data in case of equipment failures or disasters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Backup Planning ensures that a recent copy of the database is always available, safeguarding against potential disasters like fire, flood, earthquake, virus attack, or accidental deletion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archival Backup</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate Backups are kept on media like floppy disks, zip disks, hard disks, or magnetic tapes. They are used for recovering data from technical faults, such as system crashes or data erasure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archival Backups are stored on media like magnetic tapes, CD-ROMs, Internet servers, or other mass storage devices. They are used for recovering data lost during major disasters, such as fires, earthquakes, or floods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Database system recovery ensures that the database can be restored to a working state after failures of various forms, such as system crashes or data corruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disk failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Big data refers to large and diverse datasets that are huge in volume and rapidly grow in size over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three V's of Big Data are Volume, Variety, and Velocity. Volume refers to the large amount of data, Variety represents the wide range of data types, and Velocity describes the speed at which data is generated, collected, and processed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Data Analytics is the process of collecting, transforming, and organizing data to extract meaningful insights and make informed decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four forms of Data Analytics are Descriptive Analytics, Diagnostic Analytics, Predictive Analytics, and Prescriptive Analytics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descriptive Analytics analyzes historical data to identify patterns and relationships, providing insights into past events or trends. It describes a phenomenon or outcome based on available data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diagnostic Analytics identifies the root causes of events, behaviors, and outcomes by analyzing patterns, trends, and connections in data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predictive Analytics makes predictions about future outcomes by using statistical models, data mining techniques, and machine learning on historical data.</p> Signup and view all the answers