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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
What significant limitation of introspection highlights the need for cognitive psychology?
Which of the following research traditions contributed to the emergence of cognitive psychology?
Which figure is primarily associated with the development of introspectionism?
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What does the term 'introspection' refer to in cognitive psychology?
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What did Edward Tolman argue about learning?
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Which aspect does cognitive psychology primarily focus on?
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What is the first step in the research process of cognitive psychology?
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Which of the following is NOT a common measure in cognitive psychology research?
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What characterizes the cognitive revolution compared to behaviorism?
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What was a main criticism of behaviorism regarding its approach to psychology?
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Who was the primary proponent of behaviorism in the early 20th century?
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What did the cognitive revolution highlight as necessary for understanding behavior?
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What was the key method advocated by philosopher Immanuel Kant?
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Which of the following was a notable criticism of behaviorism regarding language acquisition?
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What educational shift occurred partly due to the limitations of introspectionism and behaviorism?
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What principle was central to Pavlov's experiments that influenced behaviorism?
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Why is self-reporting often seen as a limitation in psychological research?
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Study Notes
What is Cognitive Psychology?
- Cognitive Psychology is the scientific study of how the mind encodes, stores, and uses information.
- It focuses on how knowledge is acquired, retained, and used.
The Cognitive Revolution
- Cognitive Psychology developed in the 1950s and 1960s, partially due to limitations of previous research approaches such as introspectionism and behaviorism.
Introspectionism (Structuralism)
- Pioneered by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.
- Focused on studying conscious thoughts and experiences.
- Problems with introspection:
- It's impossible to objectively observe internal thoughts.
- It's difficult to study unconscious thoughts.
- Self-reported thoughts and experience can lack accuracy.
Behaviorism
- Dominated Psychology in the first half of the 20th century, with John Watson being a key advocate.
- Focuses on observable behaviors and rejects the study of mental events.
- It seeks to objectively study and measure behavior.
Limitations of Behaviorism
- Behaviorism cannot fully explain complex human behavior.
- While it established principles of how behavior changes in response to stimuli, it ignores internal processes.
The Cognitive Revolution: Shift from Behaviorism
- The cognitive revolution arose in the 1950-60s.
- It acknowledged the limitations of previous research methods
- It marked a shift in focus towards studying mental processes and events rather than solely on observable behavior.
Intellectual Foundations of the Cognitive Revolution
- The Transcendental Method by philosopher Immanuel Kant was influential:
- It encourages reasoning backward from observations to determine the cause.
- This is an “inference to best explanation” approach.
The Path to the Cognitive Revolution: Notable Examples
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Noam Chomsky challenged Behaviorism's explanation of language acquisition:
- He argued that language can't be explained through conditioning and reinforcement alone.
- He pointed to the creative nature of language, emphasizing how we generate and understand new sentences.
- He also supported the idea that language is innate, a concept that challenged the Behaviorist view.
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Edward Tolman challenged Behaviorism's understanding of learning:
- He showed that learning involves acquiring new knowledge, even without changes in observable behavior.
- He used rats in a maze to demonstrate that learning could occur without reward or reinforcement.
The Focus of Cognitive Psychology
- Cognitive Psychology focuses on:
- The process of knowing, going beyond simply reacting to stimuli.
- How the mind structures and organizes experiences.
- How individuals actively and creatively respond to environmental stimuli.
Researching Cognition: Common Measures Used
- Common measures used in research include:
- Performance: evaluating accuracy and correctness of responses.
- Response Times (RT): examining how long it takes an individual to respond to a stimulus.
- Neuroimaging Techniques: providing objective data in the form of brain activity during cognitive tasks.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of cognitive psychology, a field that examines how we encode, store, and utilize information. Learn about its development during the cognitive revolution and its distinction from introspectionism and behaviorism. This quiz will help solidify your understanding of key concepts and historical figures in psychology.
