Introduction to Chemistry

Definition: The study of matter, its properties, composition, structure, and the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
Branches:
- Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds.
- Inorganic Chemistry: Study of inorganic compounds and materials.
- Physical Chemistry: Examines the physical properties and behavior of chemical systems.
- Analytical Chemistry: Techniques to analyze substances and determine their composition.
Key Concepts:
- Atoms and Molecules: Basic units of matter; atoms are the smallest units, while molecules consist of two or more atoms bonded together.
- Chemical Reactions: Processes where reactants transform into products through breaking and forming bonds.
- Periodic Table: Organizes elements by increasing atomic number and groups by similar properties.
- Stoichiometry: Study of quantitative relationships in chemical reactions.
- Acids and Bases: Acids donate protons (H+), while bases accept them; pH scale measures acidity or basicity.

Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature.
Branches:
- Classical Mechanics: Laws of motion and forces; Newton's laws.
- Thermodynamics: Study of heat, energy transfer, and the laws governing energy transformations.
- Electromagnetism: Interaction of electric charges and magnetic fields; includes Maxwell's equations.
- Quantum Mechanics: Study of particles at the atomic and subatomic levels; principles governing quantum behavior.
- Relativity: Einstein's theories explaining the behavior of objects in high-speed motion and the effects of gravity.
Key Concepts:
- Force: A push or pull on an object, measured in Newtons.
- Energy: The capacity to do work; exists in various forms (kinetic, potential, thermal).
- Momentum: Product of an object's mass and velocity; conserved in isolated systems.
- Waves: Disturbances that transfer energy; includes sound waves, light waves, and mechanical waves.
- Gravity: Force of attraction between masses; described by Newton's law of universal gravitation and Einstein's general relativity.

Study of matter's properties, composition, structure, and changes during chemical reactions.
Branches of Chemistry:
- Organic Chemistry: Focuses on carbon-containing compounds, essential for life.
- Inorganic Chemistry: Investigates inorganic substances, including metals and minerals.
- Physical Chemistry: Looks at physical properties and behavior of chemical systems using physics concepts.
- Analytical Chemistry: Involves techniques to analyze substances and determine their chemical composition.
Key Concepts:
- Atoms and Molecules: Atoms are the smallest matter units; molecules are composed of two or more atoms bonded together.
- Chemical Reactions: Involve the transformation of reactants to products through bond-breaking and bond-forming processes.
- Periodic Table: A systematic arrangement of elements by increasing atomic number, highlighting group similarities.
- Stoichiometry: Examines quantitative relationships in chemical reactions for predicting product amounts.
- Acids and Bases: Acids are proton (H+) donors, while bases are proton acceptors; pH scale quantifies their strength.

Study focusing on matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature that govern their interactions.
Branches of Physics:
- Classical Mechanics: Describes motion laws and force interactions, based on Newton's principles.
- Thermodynamics: Explores heat and energy transfer and the laws governing energy transformations.
- Electromagnetism: Studies electric charge interactions, magnetic fields, and encompasses Maxwell's equations.
- Quantum Mechanics: Investigates atomic and subatomic particles, introducing principles of quantized behavior.
- Relativity: Einstein's theories describe high-speed object behavior and gravitational effects on motion.
Key Concepts:
- Force: Defined as a push or pull on an object, quantitatively measured in Newtons.
- Energy: The ability to perform work, existing in forms such as kinetic, potential, and thermal energy.
- Momentum: The product of mass and velocity, conserved in isolated systems during interactions.
- Waves: Energy transfers through disturbances, including sound, light, and mechanical waves.
- Gravity: Attraction force between masses, explained by Newton's law and further clarified by Einstein's principles.