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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of erythrocytes in the blood?
Which type of immunity provides a targeted response to specific pathogens?
What is the process of hemostasis primarily associated with?
Which blood component is mainly responsible for immune defense?
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Which of the following correctly describes neutropenia?
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What does the term 'immunoglobulin' refer to?
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Which root word relates specifically to white blood cells?
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Autoimmune diseases are characterized by what type of immune response?
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What is the significance of hematocrit in blood analysis?
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What role do T cells play in the immune system?
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What is the primary role of immunoglobulins in the immune system?
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Which condition is characterized by an abnormal increase in white blood cells?
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What is the significance of the prefix 'auto-' in autoimmune diseases?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typical of iron deficiency anemia?
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What does the term 'hypersensitivity' refer to in the context of the immune response?
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What is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in women?
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Which laboratory result is typically low in a patient with iron deficiency anemia?
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What is the appropriate initial treatment for iron deficiency anemia due to chronic blood loss?
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Lymphadenopathy is best described as which of the following?
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How does anaphylaxis differ from typical allergic reactions?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Blood
- Blood is the fluid that circulates throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients, while removing waste products.
- It consists of two main components: plasma and formed elements.
- Plasma makes up 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, and hormones.
- Formed elements make up 45% of blood and include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) are responsible for immunity and defending against infection.
- Thrombocytes (Platelets) are essential for clotting (hemostasis).
Immunity
- Immunity is the body's protection against harmful microorganisms and foreign substances.
- There are two types of immunity: innate and adaptive.
- Innate Immunity is non-specific and includes inborn defenses like skin and mucus.
- Adaptive Immunity is acquired defense specific to certain pathogens.
- T cells provide cell-mediated immunity by directly attacking foreign invaders.
- B cells are responsible for humoral immunity and produce antibodies.
Medical Terminology Related to Blood
- Hem/o, Hemat/o refer to blood (e.g., hemopathy).
- Erythr/o refers to red (e.g., erythropoiesis).
- Thromb/o refers to clot (e.g., thrombosis).
- Leuk/o refers to white (e.g., leukocytosis).
Medical Terminology Related to Blood & Immunity
- Hematocrit indicates the proportion of red blood cells in the blood.
- Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding, including blood clot formation.
- Immun/o refers to immunity or immune systems.
- Immunization is the process of inducing immunity.
- Immunoglobulin (Ig) are antibody proteins that protect against infections.
- Antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response.
- Antibody (Immunoglobulin) is a protein produced by B cells to neutralize pathogens.
- Neutropenia is a decrease in neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, making the body more vulnerable to infections.
- Eosinophil is a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections.
- Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell involved in immune response.
Disorders Related to Blood
- Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
- Leukemia is cancer involving overproduction of white blood cells.
Disorders Related to Immunity
- Autoimmune Diseases are conditions where the immune system attacks the body's own cells.
- Immunodeficiency Disorders weaken the immune system (e.g. HIV).
Medical Terminology Related to Immunity (Continued)
- -phylaxis refers to protection or prevention (e.g., Prophylaxis - treatment to prevent disease).
- Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction.
- Lymph/o refers to lymph or the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system.
- Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell involved in immune response.
- Lymphadenopathy is a disease affecting the lymph nodes.
- -globulin refers to proteins involved in immune response.
- Immunoglobulin are antibodies critical for the immune response.
- Gamma globulin is a substance containing antibodies given for passive immunity.
Other Key Terminology
- Auto- is a prefix meaning "self" (e.g., Autoimmune - immune system attacks body's tissues).
- Autoantibodies are antibodies that attack the body's own cells.
- -cytosis refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells (e.g., Leukocytosis - abnormal increase in white blood cells).
- Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance (e.g., Anaphylaxis).
Clinical Case: Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Patient Information: Jane Smith, 45 year old female, office worker, presented with fatigue, shortness of breath, frequent headaches, dizziness and tiredness.
- Investigations: Complete blood count (CBC) showed low hemoglobin, hematocrit, ferritin, and iron levels.
- Diagnosis: Iron Deficiency Anemia secondary to chronic blood loss from menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding).
- Treatment: Ferrous sulfate 325 mg PO daily for 3 months.
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Description
Explore the essential components and functions of blood, including its primary elements and the critical roles of different blood cells. Learn about the immune system, distinguishing between innate and adaptive immunity to understand how the body defends itself against infections.
