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What is the primary focus of biotechnology?
What is the primary focus of biotechnology?
What does the term 'Bio' in biotechnology originate from?
What does the term 'Bio' in biotechnology originate from?
Who is credited with the earliest use of the term 'biotechnology'?
Who is credited with the earliest use of the term 'biotechnology'?
What challenge exists in defining biotechnology?
What challenge exists in defining biotechnology?
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According to the United Nations, what does biotechnology apply to?
According to the United Nations, what does biotechnology apply to?
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What year was the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity established?
What year was the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity established?
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What aspect is highlighted in the Cartagena Protocol regarding biotechnology?
What aspect is highlighted in the Cartagena Protocol regarding biotechnology?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of biotechnology?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of biotechnology?
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What is the primary advantage of producing therapeutic molecules from genetically modified plants?
What is the primary advantage of producing therapeutic molecules from genetically modified plants?
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Which plant is being researched for the production of a vaccine to prevent gastroenteritis due to E.coli?
Which plant is being researched for the production of a vaccine to prevent gastroenteritis due to E.coli?
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What is one of the applications of enzymatic processes in industrial domains?
What is one of the applications of enzymatic processes in industrial domains?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using transgenic plants to produce human proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using transgenic plants to produce human proteins?
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What is one intended result of developing biodegradable lubricants and plastics?
What is one intended result of developing biodegradable lubricants and plastics?
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What is a possible use of recombinant human hemoglobin produced from transgenic tobacco plants?
What is a possible use of recombinant human hemoglobin produced from transgenic tobacco plants?
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Which products can be synthesized from genetically modified plants besides proteins?
Which products can be synthesized from genetically modified plants besides proteins?
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Which benefit is commonly associated with using enzymatic processes in industries?
Which benefit is commonly associated with using enzymatic processes in industries?
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Which types of materials are commonly utilized in blue biotechnology?
Which types of materials are commonly utilized in blue biotechnology?
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What is a primary benefit of using transgenic plants in agriculture?
What is a primary benefit of using transgenic plants in agriculture?
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Which bacterium is a significant source of insect resistance genes?
Which bacterium is a significant source of insect resistance genes?
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What is a common use of marker molecules derived from marine organisms?
What is a common use of marker molecules derived from marine organisms?
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How do transgenic plants achieve resistance to viral infections?
How do transgenic plants achieve resistance to viral infections?
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Which transgenic plant is mentioned as being resistant to cucumber mosaic virus?
Which transgenic plant is mentioned as being resistant to cucumber mosaic virus?
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What is the mode of action of the Cry a gene in corn?
What is the mode of action of the Cry a gene in corn?
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Which major sectors are exploring the potential of blue biotechnology?
Which major sectors are exploring the potential of blue biotechnology?
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What is the focus of biotechnology as defined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization?
What is the focus of biotechnology as defined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization?
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During fermentation, what products are typically produced through the degradation of organic matter?
During fermentation, what products are typically produced through the degradation of organic matter?
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Which of the following domains has been significantly influenced by the evolution of genetics?
Which of the following domains has been significantly influenced by the evolution of genetics?
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What technique is used to cultivate cells outside their natural living environment?
What technique is used to cultivate cells outside their natural living environment?
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According to biotechnological principles, which of the following is NOT a benefit of using fermentation products?
According to biotechnological principles, which of the following is NOT a benefit of using fermentation products?
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What role do nucleic acids play in biotechnology?
What role do nucleic acids play in biotechnology?
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Which process allows for the fusion of cells from different taxonomic families?
Which process allows for the fusion of cells from different taxonomic families?
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What scientific achievement by Watson and Crick in 1953 was significant for biotechnology?
What scientific achievement by Watson and Crick in 1953 was significant for biotechnology?
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What is one of the uses of molecular biology and genetic engineering mentioned?
What is one of the uses of molecular biology and genetic engineering mentioned?
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Which process involves the metabolization of pollutants by microorganisms?
Which process involves the metabolization of pollutants by microorganisms?
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What alternative fuel production method is mentioned?
What alternative fuel production method is mentioned?
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Which of the following is a use for enzymes and biocatalysts?
Which of the following is a use for enzymes and biocatalysts?
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What is the role of a transgene in creating a transgenic organism?
What is the role of a transgene in creating a transgenic organism?
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What is one benefit of biological nitrogen fixation?
What is one benefit of biological nitrogen fixation?
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Why is enzyme immobilization important in biotechnological applications?
Why is enzyme immobilization important in biotechnological applications?
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Which of the following is a technique associated with bioremediation?
Which of the following is a technique associated with bioremediation?
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What type of substances can be produced from plant cell cultures?
What type of substances can be produced from plant cell cultures?
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Which technology is associated with the development of therapeutics?
Which technology is associated with the development of therapeutics?
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What characteristic of enzymes typically poses a challenge for their use in industrial biotechnology?
What characteristic of enzymes typically poses a challenge for their use in industrial biotechnology?
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What ancient biotechnology development occurred around 9000 BC?
What ancient biotechnology development occurred around 9000 BC?
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What process is involved in wastewater recycling?
What process is involved in wastewater recycling?
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Which of the following is NOT an outcome of genetic manipulation in bioremediation?
Which of the following is NOT an outcome of genetic manipulation in bioremediation?
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What type of biotechnology involved the production of baker's yeast in 1915?
What type of biotechnology involved the production of baker's yeast in 1915?
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What is one function of biosensors in industrial applications?
What is one function of biosensors in industrial applications?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Biotechnology
- Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary science combining living organisms or parts with techniques for economic gain.
- The term "Biotechnology" is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life) and "technologia" (study of techniques).
- The concept of biotechnology evolved from early techniques, such as fermentation, to modern approaches like genetic engineering.
- Biotechnology encompasses both "old" and "new" technologies.
Definitions of Biotechnology
- Biotechnology is difficult to define due to diverse scientific and production activities.
- No single global definition exists.
- The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as "any technological application that uses biological systems".
- The FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization) defines it as using biological processes or organisms to create materials and services, and manipulating living organisms, scientifically, to produce new products, like hormones and vaccines.
Origins of Biotechnologies
- Fermentation: A natural process of organic matter breakdown by microorganisms, producing acids, alcohols, or gases as byproducts.
- Genetics: DNA research and spatial organization studies, improving the understanding of inheritance and regulation.
- Cell Culture: Growing cells outside their natural environment, enabling researchers to study cell function and produce large quantities of desired substances.
- Recombinant DNA: Inserting DNA fragments of interest into another organism's DNA, with the potential to express those characteristics.
- Transgenesis/Genetic Engineering: The artificial transfer of genetic material from one organism to another, directly manipulating the DNA of organisms.
Bioremediation
- A waste management technique using organisms to remove pollutants or neutralize contaminants.
- Some examples are degrading hydrocarbons and obtaining methane from waste.
Evolution of Biotechnologies
- Ancient biotechnology, practiced before 1800 CE, involved accidental discovery of fermented foods.
- Modern biotechnology has techniques for modifying flavors and textures, and producing different products.
- Classical biotechnology includes the production of different beverages (beer, wine, vinegar).
- Modern biotechnology makes use of several techniques based on the understanding of genetic material (DNA), including cell culture, recombinant DNA, and modifying cells and plants.
Definitions of Different Types of Biotechnology
- Red biotechnology: Focuses on medicine and healthcare applications, including vaccines, antibiotics, and gene therapies.
- White biotechnology: Centers on industrial processes and producing chemicals, fuels, and materials.
- Green biotechnology: Applies to agriculture, using microorganisms to improve crop yields, and making biofuels.
- Grey biotechnology: Focuses on environmental applications, like bioremediation and maintaining biodiversity.
- Blue biotechnology: Focuses on water and marine resources, with applications in medicine and industry.
Typical Biotechnology Products
- Agrarian Sector: Creating pest-resistant, disease-resistant, herbicide-tolerant, or higher-yielding crops.
- Industry: Using biological systems to create new materials and optimize industrial processes.
- Health: Creating vaccines, gene therapies, and producing valuable biochemical compounds.
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Description
Explore the multidisciplinary field of biotechnology, which combines living organisms with techniques aimed at economic gain. Discover the evolution of biotechnology from traditional practices to modern genetic engineering and learn about the various definitions provided by organizations such as the UN and FAO.
