Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture
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Questions and Answers

What is the process referred to when creating a genetically identical copy of an organism?

  • Reproductive cloning (correct)
  • Synthetic biology
  • Molecular cloning
  • DNA replication

What notable development arose from the technique of molecular cloning?

  • Creation of synthetic insulin (correct)
  • Development of genetically modified foods
  • Cloning of animals
  • Mass production of antibiotics

What is the role of a plasmid in molecular cloning?

  • To provide a vehicle for inserting DNA fragments (correct)
  • To degrade foreign DNA
  • To produce proteins for bacterial survival
  • To replicate chromosomal DNA

In molecular cloning, the term 'foreign DNA' usually refers to what?

<p>Inserted DNA from another organism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of molecular cloning as illustrated by the production of synthetic insulin?

<p>Increased availability of life-saving substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic do plasmids provide that can benefit the host organism?

<p>Antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of early molecular cloning research?

<p>Initiation of the 'BioTech Boom' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the replication of plasmids in bacterial cells?

<p>Plasmids replicate independently of chromosomal DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor contributes to the separation of nucleic acids during gel electrophoresis?

<p>Size and charge of the molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are nucleic acids invisible in the gel matrix until treated?

<p>They require staining to become visible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the amplification of specific DNA regions in PCR?

<p>DNA polymerase and primers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of running uncut genomic DNA through a gel during electrophoresis?

<p>It forms a single large band at the top (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

<p>Enhancing DNA digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to smaller nucleic acid molecules during gel electrophoresis?

<p>They pass through the gel pores faster than larger molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical visual outcome when a mixture of DNA fragments is analyzed through gel electrophoresis?

<p>A long smear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the electric current play in gel electrophoresis?

<p>It drives the migration of charged molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA) in cells?

<p>To represent the protein-coding genes that are being expressed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of a nucleotide?

<p>Fatty acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During DNA extraction, what role does alcohol play?

<p>To precipitate the DNA out of solution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is RNA considered to be naturally unstable?

<p>Enzymes that break down RNA are commonly present in nature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in isolating nucleic acids from cells?

<p>Breaking open the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In gel electrophoresis, why do nucleic acids move when subjected to an electric field?

<p>They are negatively charged ions at neutral or alkaline pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is commonly used to break open cells during nucleic acid extraction?

<p>Using a detergent solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of a genome in eukaryotic organisms?

<p>An entire set of DNA molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of plasmid vectors makes them valuable for introducing foreign DNA fragments?

<p>They contain many short DNA sequences for cutting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of restriction enzymes?

<p>To cut DNA at specific sequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a palindromic DNA sequence?

<p>The sequence reads the same forward and backward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ‘sticky ends’ in the context of DNA manipulation?

<p>Single-stranded overhangs created by staggered cuts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does DNA ligase play in molecular cloning?

<p>It joins DNA fragments together permanently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are sticky ends important during the process of cloning?

<p>They enable annealing through hydrogen bonding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a staggered cut made by a restriction enzyme?

<p>It generates complementary single-stranded overhangs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of annealing in DNA molecular cloning?

<p>The hydrogen bonding of complementary single strands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for plasmids that contain foreign DNA?

<p>Recombinant DNA molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins produced from recombinant DNA molecules called?

<p>Recombinant proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can control the expression of recombinant proteins?

<p>Environmental factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of reproductive cloning?

<p>To produce an identical copy of an organism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are combined during sexual reproduction to create a zygote?

<p>Gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to produce a viable zygote?

<p>Diploid genetic complement and egg cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Dolly the sheep in the context of cloning?

<p>She was the first cloned agricultural animal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it indicate if the success rate of reproductive cloning is low?

<p>Many attempts are often needed for successful cloning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern regarding the DNA used to create Dolly?

<p>The age of the DNA may have affected her life expectancy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are embryonic stem cells capable of developing into?

<p>Many different kinds of cells, including muscle and nerve cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit does cloning provide for therapeutic applications?

<p>It ensures the cells are genetically identical to the donor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who independently discovered stem cells in different layers of the skin?

<p>Freda Miller and Elaine Fuchs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process used to create genetically modified organisms called?

<p>Genetic engineering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the use of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering?

<p>It introduces foreign DNA into the organism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Dolly, the cloned sheep, not a Scottish Blackface sheep?

<p>Finn-Dorset sheep were chosen due to their desirable traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of creating cloned human embryos?

<p>To serve as sources of embryonic stem cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nucleic acid structure

Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base). Phosphate groups carry a negative charge.

Genome

The complete set of DNA molecules in a eukaryotic cell's nucleus.

DNA strands

DNA molecules are composed of two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between paired bases.

RNA location

Unlike DNA, RNA molecules leave the nucleus.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA represents protein-coding genes actively expressed in cells.

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DNA extraction

Separating DNA from cells, involving techniques to break open cells and inactivate other macromolecules.

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RNA extraction

Separating RNA from cells, preserving RNA while inactivating other macromolecules.

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Gel electrophoresis

Moving negatively charged nucleic acids in an electric field for separation and analysis.

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Nucleic acids in gel

Invisible in a gel until stained with a special dye.

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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A method to quickly make many copies of a specific DNA region.

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PCR application (crime scene)

Used to identify the owner of DNA left at a crime scene.

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PCR application (paternity)

Used to analyze DNA and determine if a man is a child's father.

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PCR application (ancient DNA)

Used for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a specific region within the DNA.

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DNA fragments in gel

Show up as bands at specific distances, based on their size in gel electrophoresis.

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DNA polymerase

Enzyme that replicates DNA, crucial in PCR.

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Reproductive Cloning

Creating a genetically identical copy of a whole organism.

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Molecular Cloning

Copying a short stretch of DNA.

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Plasmid

Small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently in bacteria.

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Vector (in cloning)

Another name for a plasmid used to carry DNA fragments.

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Foreign DNA

DNA fragment from a different organism (e.g., human) inserted into a bacterial cell.

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Host DNA

The DNA of the bacteria that the foreign DNA is in.

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Cloning benefits

Creating multiple gene copies, expressing genes, and studying specific genes.

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Synthetic Insulin

Insulin created in the lab rather than from animal sources.

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Plasmid Vectors

Plasmids engineered to carry foreign DNA for cloning and mass production of molecules.

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Restriction Enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, naturally protecting bacteria from foreign DNA.

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Staggered Cuts

Restriction enzyme cuts that create single-stranded overhangs on DNA fragments.

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Palindrome Sequence

A DNA sequence that reads the same forward and backward (or on one strand, and in reverse on its complementary strand).

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Sticky Ends

Single-stranded DNA overhangs produced by staggered cuts in DNA.

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Annealing

Hydrogen bonding between complementary sequences in single-stranded DNA to create a double-stranded DNA.

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DNA Ligase

Enzyme that permanently joins DNA fragments together.

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Recombinant DNA

DNA molecules that contain new combinations of genetic material, often created by inserting foreign DNA into a plasmid.

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Recombinant Protein

A protein produced from a recombinant DNA molecule, meaning it contains genetic material from a different source.

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Haploid

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes.

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Diploid

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes.

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Zygote

The first cell formed by the fusion of a sperm and an egg during fertilization.

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Why is egg cytoplasm important for development?

The egg cytoplasm contains essential components required for the early development of the embryo, particularly during the first few cell divisions.

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What makes reproductive cloning challenging?

The process requires multiple attempts to successfully remove the nucleus from an egg, insert a nucleus from a donor cell, and stimulate the egg to divide.

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Dolly the Sheep

The first agricultural animal cloned, created by transferring the nucleus of an adult cell into an enucleated egg cell. This technique is known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)

A technique where the nucleus of a somatic cell (any cell other than a gamete) is transferred into an enucleated egg cell, creating a genetically identical copy of the original cell.

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Genetic Engineering

Modifying an organism's DNA to achieve desired traits using recombinant DNA technology.

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Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

An organism whose genetic makeup has been altered by introducing foreign DNA. The foreign DNA is typically introduced using recombinant DNA vectors.

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Transgenic Organism

A genetically modified organism that contains genetic material from a different species.

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Embryonic Stem Cells

Cells derived from a developing embryo that have the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body.

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Therapeutic Applications of Cloning

Cloning can be utilized to create genetically matched cells for tissue regeneration, providing potential treatments for diseases like leukemia.

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Study Notes

Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture

  • Biotechnology uses artificial methods to modify genetic material of living organisms or cells to make new compounds or do new things
  • Biotechnology has been improving livestock and crops since early agriculture, by selective breeding
  • Since 1953 and especially since the 1970s, biotechnology has involved manipulating DNA at a molecular level
  • Key applications of biotechnology are in medicine (vaccines and antibiotics) and agriculture (crop modification)
  • Biotechnology has industrial and household applications (fermentation, oil spill treatment, laundry detergents)

Cloning and Genetic Engineering

  • Cloning is creating a perfect replica of something, typically genetically identical
  • Reproductive cloning recreates a whole organism
  • Molecular cloning copies short stretches of DNA
  • Basic tools used to work with nucleic acids are macromolecules made of nucleotides
  • DNA has two complementary strands linked by hydrogen bonds between paired bases
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to represent protein coding genes
  • DNA and RNA isolation involves breaking open cells, destroying undesired molecules, extracting and purifying DNA

Gel Electrophoresis

  • Nucleic acids are negatively charged in an alkaline and neutral pH aqueous environment and can be moved via an electric field
  • Gel electrophoresis separates fragments based on size and charges
  • Nucleic acids can be whole chromosomes or fragments
  • Small fragments move faster through the gel pores than larger fragments
  • Nucleic acids in the matrix become visible when stained, appearing as bands at specific distances from the gel's top (negative electrode end)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

  • PCR increases the number of copies of specific regions of DNA for further analysis
  • PCR uses DNA polymerase and short nucleotide sequences called primers that pair with a DNA region to be copied
  • PCR is used in laboratories for various purposes such as crime scene investigations, paternity testing, ancient DNA comparisons, and DNA sequencing

Cloning

  • Cloning means replication, genetically identical copy; in biology, recreating a whole organism is called reproductive cloning
  • Molecular cloning involves copying short stretches of DNA, useful to create new medicines and improve existing ones (e.g. synthetic insulin)
  • The use of plasmids (vectors), is useful in cloning to carry DNA fragments into bacterial cells for copying or gene expression
  • Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the host chromosome
  • Recombinant DNA molecules in plasmids contain new genetic combinations and these plasmids can be used to express recombinant proteins

Molecular Cloning

  • Molecular cloning involves creating multiple copies of gene regions, expressing genes, and studying specific genes
  • DNA fragment insertion into a plasmid (or vector) is used to get the DNA into bacterial cell in a form that can be copied and expressed
  • Gene expression control in the plasmid is an additional feature that scientists can exploit
  • Recombinant DNA molecules are called those with new combinations of genetic material

Reproductive Cloning

  • Reproductive cloning produces a genetically identical copy of an entire multicellular organism
  • Sexual reproduction contributes DNA from each parent, making cloning impossible
  • Reproductive cloning takes a body cell nucleus from the organism to be cloned, which is introduced into an enucleated egg cell. The egg is stimulated and allowed to divide to develop into an embryo which is then inserted into a surrogate to grow

Biotechnologies in Medicine and Agriculture

  • Biotechnology has medicinal purposes. Knowledge of DNA sequence, genetic diseases, and manipulating DNA allow disease treatment
  • Biotechnologies in agriculture can enhance disease and pest resistance, and improve crop quality and yield
  • Genetic diagnosis (testing for genetic defects prior to treatment) uses genetic testing (e.g., BRCA gene mutations for cancer risk)
  • Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique to cure genetic diseases by replacing mutated genes with non-mutated genes
  • Vaccines are made using weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms using modern techniques

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Chapter 10 Biotechnology PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals of biotechnology and its applications in medicine and agriculture. It covers topics such as genetic modification, cloning, and the industrial uses of biotechnological methods. Test your knowledge on how biotechnology has evolved and its impact on society.

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