Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Study Notes

Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Herbert Boyer completed his graduate work at the University of California, San Francisco.
He developed a method for removing plasmids from cells and reinserting them into other cells.
The first plasmid vector for cloning was pBR322.
Biotechnology includes techniques like in vitro fertilization, synthesizing genes, developing DNA vaccines, and correcting defective genes.
According to EFB, biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogs for products and processes.
Core techniques enabling modern biotechnology include genetic engineering and the maintenance of sterile environments in chemical engineering.
Genetic engineering techniques encompass the creation of recombinant DNA, the use of gene cloning and gene transfer, and the application of transgenic organisms.
For alien DNA to multiply within an organism, it must be incorporated into the organism's DNA, which contains a specific sequence.
The first recombinant DNA emerged from the possibility of linking a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid DNA of Salmonella typhimurium.
The ability of multiple antibiotic resistance gene copies within E. coli was termed “co-transferability” of antibiotic resistance genes.
The two enzymes responsible for bacteriophage growth in E. coli were isolated in [Year missing from image].
The first restriction endonuclease was isolated and characterized in [Number of years missing from image].
Besides Hind II, there are more than [Number missing from image] restriction enzymes known today.
Restriction enzymes are named based on the bacterial strain they originate from. The first letter represents the genus, the second two letters represent the species, and Roman numerals indicate the order of isolation.
Restriction enzymes are categorized as a larger class of enzymes called “endonucleases.”

Restriction Enzymes

Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific nucleotide sequences within DNA.
They cut both DNA strands within or near the recognition site.
Specific sequences recognized by restriction enzymes are termed “restriction sites.”
Cleavage of DNA strands by restriction enzymes can result in blunt or sticky ends, depending on the enzyme's activity.
Restriction enzymes are highly specific, which allows for targeted DNA manipulation.
These enzymes play a crucial role in recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering.
They enable the cutting and pasting of DNA fragments from different sources, allowing for the creation of new DNA constructs.

Description

This quiz explores the fundamental principles and processes of biotechnology, focusing on key figures like Herbert Boyer and essential techniques like genetic engineering and gene cloning. Understand the integrating of natural sciences in producing biotechnological products. Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts that shape modern biotechnology.