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Questions and Answers
What does the term "Biotechnology" literally mean?
What does the term "Biotechnology" literally mean?
What event marked the beginning of biotechnology in the Neolithic period?
What event marked the beginning of biotechnology in the Neolithic period?
The production of fermented foods
Which of the following is NOT an example of a traditional biotechnology process?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a traditional biotechnology process?
The production of bread, yogurt, and cheese are examples of traditional biotechnology.
The production of bread, yogurt, and cheese are examples of traditional biotechnology.
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What era is associated with the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and recombinant DNA technology?
What era is associated with the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and recombinant DNA technology?
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Match the following biotechnology concepts to its corresponding description.
Match the following biotechnology concepts to its corresponding description.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of traditional biotechnology?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of traditional biotechnology?
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What is the main objective of gene therapy?
What is the main objective of gene therapy?
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What are the two main components of regenerative medicine?
What are the two main components of regenerative medicine?
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The goal of cell therapy is to decrease the function of damaged tissues or organs.
The goal of cell therapy is to decrease the function of damaged tissues or organs.
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What is the purpose of using stem cells in cell therapy?
What is the purpose of using stem cells in cell therapy?
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What does the term "proteome" refer to?
What does the term "proteome" refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT an application of metabolomics?
Which of the following is NOT an application of metabolomics?
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The Human Proteome Project (HPP) aims to identify and characterize all proteins expressed in the human body.
The Human Proteome Project (HPP) aims to identify and characterize all proteins expressed in the human body.
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What type of medicine is pharmacogenomics considered?
What type of medicine is pharmacogenomics considered?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Biotechnology
- Biotechnology is defined as the use of living organisms or their products to make a product or solve a problem.
- It involves the study of tools from living things.
Course Outline
- The course covers what biotechnology is, its origins, and evolution over time.
- It also examines current biotechnology challenges, biotechnologies types (green, white, red), standard biotechnology products and industrial fields.
- The course also includes challenges to biotechnology innovations.
Origins of Biotechnology (History)
- Biotechnology's origins are traced back to ancient practices, notably the fermentation of foods using microorganisms for food preservation.
- Early forms include food preservation techniques like dried fish and leather tanning.
Evolution of Bio-technologies Over Time
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Biotechnology's evolution is categorized into generations (traditional, conventional, and modern).
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Traditional biotechnologies (ancient) involve processes like plant cultivation, animal breeding, fermented foods and beverages, and the use of bacteria and yeasts, applied empirically.
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Conventional biotechnologies (classical) use theoretical knowledge and mastered applications of modified microorganisms and enzymes.
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Modern biotechnologies (third generation) are based on advances in molecular biology, genetic engineering, protein biochemistry, and industrial techniques. Significant developments include the creation of first genetically modified plants, cloning of Dolly the sheep, and developments in genomic sequencing.
Traditional Biotechnologies
- Traditional biotechnologies are ancient processes that have been used for centuries.
- Examples include plant culture, animal breeding, and the production of fermented foods.
Conventional Biotechnologies
- Conventional biotechnologies are based on theoretical knowledge and increasing mastery of applications using modified microorganisms and enzymes.
- This involves using microorganisms and enzymes to produce targeted substances. Animal products such as hormones, antibodies and vaccines, and plant derived products such as alkaloids, flavonoids and others.
Modern Bio-technologies
- Modern biotechnologies are advanced biotechnologies that utilize advancements in molecular biology and genetics.
- Includes practices such as gene cloning and recombinant DNA.
- Applications include creating proteins by modifying cultured cells genetically.
Major Current Challenges of Biotechnology
- Key challenges are understanding human genome function and applying pharmacogenetics to personalized medicine treatments.
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations in DNA sequences that are a cause of some genetic diseases and are being explored in disease research.
Gene Therapy
- Gene therapy is a technique that employs genes to prevent, treat, or cure diseases by adding or replacing genes. These can be inherited conditions or acquired disorders.
- Involves altering genetic material and introducing it into patients cells using viruses or other methods.
Regenerative Medicine
- Regenerative medicine aims at restoring tissues and functional activities, replacing deficient cells or rebuilding damaged organs.
- Utilizes cell therapy (employing cells that can treat diseases) and tissue engineering (repairing tissues using scaffolds and cells).
Proteome
- The proteome is the complete set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under particular environmental conditions.
- Understanding the proteome is crucial for understanding disease.
Human Proteome Project
- The Human Proteome Project is an international effort to map and understand the complete proteome.
- By mapping the entire proteome, the research can potentially improve our ability to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases.
Metabolome
- The metabolome is the collection of all low molecular weight molecules in a cell participating in metabolic reactions.
- Understanding the metabolome (all metabolites), their levels, and relative ratios is crucial for understanding and diagnosing disease.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of biotechnology, including its origins and the evolution of various biotechnological practices. It covers different types of biotechnology and the challenges faced in the field today. Test your knowledge on these essential topics in biotechnology.
