Introduction to Biotechnology
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Questions and Answers

What fundamental concept did Antony van Leeuwenhoek contribute to biotechnology?

  • Established the first genetic studies.
  • Invented the electron microscope.
  • Discovered cells using a simple microscope. (correct)
  • Created the rabies vaccine.

    • Which type of biotechnology is primarily focused on agricultural applications?

  • Green biotechnology (correct)
  • Red biotechnology
  • Gold biotechnology
  • White biotechnology

    • What is the purpose of gene knockout experiments in research?

  • To discover new drug treatments.
  • To create transgenic organisms.
  • To enhance bacterial growth.
  • To study the effects of disrupting a gene. (correct)

    • Which scientist is credited with the discovery of penicillin?

    <p>Sir Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of biotechnology does bioremediation focus on?

    <p>Environmental restoration and pollution cleanup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of blue biotechnology?

    <p>Biotechnological advancements in aquaculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of bio prospecting in biotechnology?

    <p>Locating valuable genetic resources for human benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biotechnological pioneer was the first to observe cells in cork?

    <p>Robert Hooke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of a protein's weight is attributed to nitrogen?

    <p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of proteins in biological systems?

    <p>Muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Microbial Genome Program was initiated for what primary purpose?

    <p>To sequence microbial genomes for various applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a category of microbial metabolism that genome sequencing aims to identify?

    <p>Antibody production genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of stop codons in protein synthesis?

    <p>To terminate protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein primarily functions as receptors in cell membranes?

    <p>Membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does metagenomics involve?

    <p>Sequencing entire genomes of communities of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is recognized as the start codon in protein synthesis?

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do growth mediators play in stem cell technologies?

    <p>They help stem cells develop into specific types of tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA profiling is also known as:

    <p>DNA fingerprinting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to alter, repair, or enhance an organism's genetic material?

    <p>Recombinant DNA technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of creating recombinant plasmid, which enzyme is primarily used to join DNA fragments?

    <p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of forensic entomology in criminal investigations?

    <p>To estimate time of death using insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a plasmid in genetic engineering?

    <p>To replicate independently and carry genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Central Dogma' refer to in molecular biology?

    <p>The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of analyzing body fluids and tissues in forensic toxicology?

    <p>To find the presence of drugs and poisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do metallothioneins play in bioremediation?

    <p>They capture and bind heavy metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are currently used to produce synthetic insulin?

    <p>Escherichia coli and safflower plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of somatic cell nuclear transfer?

    <p>To generate genetically identical organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a product of cloning techniques mentioned in the content?

    <p>Transgenic animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Golden Rice genetically modified to enhance?

    <p>Beta Carotene and thereby vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an imbalance of microbes in the intestines potentially play in health?

    <p>It may contribute to various disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of the Human Microbiome Project?

    <p>Develop new techniques for cooking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the genetic code?

    <p>Non-ambiguous and universal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in biological systems?

    <p>They perform a wide range of functions including enzymes and receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first codon in the genetic sequence that signals the start of protein synthesis?

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of structures do proteins with more than one polypeptide chain have?

    <p>Quaternary structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>To facilitate the translation of RNA into proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a polypeptide backbone, what defines the unique properties of each amino acid?

    <p>The R group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chaperons in protein folding?

    <p>They guide the folding process and prevent incorrect associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein is characterized by a long, narrow shape?

    <p>Fibrous protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is complementary DNA (cDNA) lacking compared to genomic DNA?

    <p>Introns and promoters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily used in the production of fructose syrups?

    <p>Glucose isomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key roles of FDA regulations in biotechnology drug production?

    <p>They ensure safety and efficacy through all production stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which application do cellulases best serve in industrial contexts?

    <p>Animal feed production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant historical challenge related to insulin production?

    <p>Insulin had to be sourced from animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do proteases play in industrial applications?

    <p>They assist in protein digestion for various products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biotechnology

    • Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to meet human needs.

    Colors of Biotechnology

    • Red Biotechnology: Health, medical, and diagnostic applications.
    • Green Biotechnology: Agricultural applications.
    • White Biotechnology: Industrial applications.
    • Brown Biotechnology: Food biotechnology, nutrition, bioinformatics, nanobiotechnology.
    • Gold Biotechnology: Bioinformatics, nanobiotechnology, aquaculture, marine biotechnology.
    • Violet Biotechnology: Legal aspects related to bio.
    • Blue Biotechnology: Aquaculture, marine biotechnology.
    • Grey Biotechnology: Environmental biotechnology.
    • Dark Biotechnology: Bioterrorism, biowarfare.
    • Purple Biotechnology: Patents, publications, inventions, and related areas.

    Discoveries and Inventions

    • Antony van Leeuwenhoek: Discovered cells using a simple microscope.
    • Robert Hooke: Invented the compound light microscope; first to observe cells in cork.
    • Louis Pasteur: Described the role of bacteria in spoilage and the scientific basis for fermentation; created the rabies vaccine.
    • Ernst Ruska: Invented the electron microscope.
    • Alexander Fleming: Discovered penicillin.
    • Gregor Johan Mendel: Discovered genetics.

    Gene Knockout

    • Disrupting a gene in an animal to observe its function; researchers determine the role and function of the gene by observing the effects of the gene disruption, allowing for the study of the gene's influence on the organism.
    • Bioremediation: Stimulated growth of bacteria to degrade components in crude oil from oil spills.
    • Biotechnological research into aquatic organisms, and enzymes capable of degrading oil.

    Genetic Engineering

    • Vaccines against viruses which affect salmon.
    • Transgenic salmon that produce growth hormone.
    • Bio prospecting - searching for new genes and proteins for applications in human health and other fields.
    • Marine plankton and snails are rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules.
    • Using bacteria to produce insulin.
    • Genetically modifying food crops (e.g., golden rice).

    Forensic Biotechnology

    • Fingerprinting for identifying people.
    • DNA fingerprinting in forensic science:
      • Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
      • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
      • Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
      • Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR)
      • Mitochondrial DNA Analysis (mtDNA)
      • 4 Chromosome markers analysis.
      • Alu repeats analysis.
    • Identification of human remains, endangered species, and disease tracking.

    Genetic Engineering Techniques

    • Recombinant DNA Technology: techniques used to cut up and combine genetic material from different biological species using restriction enzymes. This allows scientists to combine genes and create new combinations of heritable genetic material.
    • Plasmids: Small circular pieces of DNA which can replicate independently. They are ideal for inserting and replicating genes in bacteria or yeast.
    • Transgenic biotechnology: Introducing foreign genes into an organism.
    • Reproductive cloning: Creating genetically identical copies of organisms.
    • Programming of cells.
    • Forensic biotechnology: Using biotechnology techniques in legal settings.
    • Determining the roles of particular genes, or gene pathways, in biological systems.
    • Diagnosing diseases at an early stage using bio markers.

    Restriction Enzymes

    • Enzymes that bind to specific recognition sequences and cleave double-stranded DNA.
    • Used for cutting out genes.

    Insulin

    • A peptide hormone that ensures glucose is absorbed by the cells for respiration, crucial for metabolic processes.
    • Genetically engineered to produce insulin using bacteria and yeast.

    Cloning

    • "An exact genetic replica of another cell or organism".

    The Central Dogma

    • Replication: DNA to DNA.
    • Transcription: DNA to RNA.
    • Translation: RNA to protein.
    • Genetic code is read from a specified starting point as triplet codons.
    • Proteins that function as a polymer of amino acids that are synthesized from 20 amino acids.

    Types of Proteins

    • Structural organization, including primary, secondary, tertiary (3D structure), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains) protein structure.
    • Chaperones are small proteins that help guide folding and prevent incorrect protein associations.
    • Proteins can be folded spontaneous or by proteins called chaperones and the final folded shape is called conformation.

    Complementary DNA (cDNA)

    • Synthesized in the lab from mRNA.
    • Not genomic DNA; lacks promoters and introns.
    • Used to study gene expression.
    • Reverse Transcriptase is used to make cDNA.

    Enzymes and their industrial applications

    • Enzymes are used in various industrial processes such as in food processing, textiles, leather goods, and treatment of heavy metals.

    Biotechnology Drugs and other medical applications

    • Produced through microbial fermentation or mammalian cell culture.
    • Proteins, such as insulin, can be produced for therapeutic applications.
    • Cell cultures provide specific conditions to produce proteins for various uses.
    • Must strictly adhere to FDA regulations.

    Microorganisms

    • Microbiome: Genome of all microorganisms in a particular environment (e.g., gut).
    • Microbes play vital roles in health and other aspects of wellness.
    • Microbial genome sequencing and analysis are important.
    • Microbial genomes studies and analysis to better understand microorganisms and their roles in health, disease, and the environment.
    • Importance of identifying genes responsible for human and animal diseases.
    • Microbial diagnosis helps detect and monitor microbes to prevent and control spread of infections.

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    Introduction to Biotechnology Midterm PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating field of biotechnology through its various colors and applications. From medical and agricultural to environmental uses, learn about key discoveries and inventions that have shaped this science. This quiz covers fundamental concepts and notable figures in biotechnology.

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