Introduction to Biotechnology Class
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Questions and Answers

Which protein do the COVID-19 vaccines primarily target?

  • Envelope (E) protein
  • Nucleocapsid (N) protein
  • Spike (S) protein (correct)
  • Membrane (M) protein

    • What was a contributing factor to the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines?

  • Previous research on similar viruses (correct)
  • A significant increase in vaccine-related regulations
  • Low levels of funding available for vaccine research
  • New vaccine technology that had never been used before

    • What differentiates mRNA vaccines from vector vaccines?

  • mRNA vaccines produce proteins while vector vaccines do not
  • Vector vaccines use modified viruses to deliver genetic material (correct)
  • Vector vaccines provoke a weaker immune response
  • mRNA vaccines require live virus for effectiveness

    • During preclinical testing, what is primarily assessed regarding a drug?

    <p>Its safety for human testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason the Spike (S) protein was chosen for targeting by COVID-19 vaccines instead of other proteins?

    <p>The S protein plays a crucial role in virus entry into host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the introductory biotechnology course?

    <p>To provide an overview of the drug development process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disciplines should students integrate for a better understanding of biotechnology?

    <p>Process engineering, chemistry, biology, and business practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement regarding attendance in this biotechnology course?

    <p>Students must notify the instructor before missing class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following topics is NOT specifically mentioned as part of the course content?

    <p>Bioinformatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must students do with their assignments according to the syllabus?

    <p>Submit them by the start of the following class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the biotechnology industry is emphasized for value creation?

    <p>Protein manufacturing and biopharmaceutical production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of failing to notify the instructor before missing a class?

    <p>Attendance grade may be negatively affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the instructor of the course and what is their background?

    <p>A Scientist with a Ph.D. in Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a temperature that is too high have on an enzyme?

    <p>It causes the enzyme to denature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does low pH affect enzyme activity?

    <p>It can slow down the enzyme's action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of competitive inhibitors?

    <p>They compete with substrates for the active site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does noncompetitive (allosteric) inhibition play in enzyme activity?

    <p>It changes the shape of the active site from a different location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In protein-protein interactions (PPIs), what is essential for selective binding?

    <p>Beta-sheet surfaces of proteins must have complementary surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are protein-protein interactions considered potential therapeutic targets?

    <p>They play crucial roles in various cellular functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an enzyme have when it binds to a substrate?

    <p>It stabilizes the substrate and facilitates the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause an enzyme to slow down its reaction rate?

    <p>An excess of competitive inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many patients died directly from syphilis in the study?

    <p>28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which investigator exposed the unethical practices of the study in the mid-1960s?

    <p>Peter Buxton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Congress hold hearings regarding the study?

    <p>1973</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an Indication for New Drugs (IND) application pertain to?

    <p>Clinical trial commencement for drug testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was created by the National Research Act in 1974?

    <p>The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulatory guidelines do safety studies for drugs follow?

    <p>Good laboratory practice (GLP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for components used in the creation of mRNA vaccines?

    <p>Must be animal component-free and GMP-grade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which initiative focuses on speeding innovation in COVID-19 testing technologies?

    <p>Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of monoclonal antibody is classified as a murine antibody?

    <p>Murine antibody (-momab)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology is primarily used in monoclonal antibody development?

    <p>Hybridoma technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic regarding vaccine development?

    <p>Public-private partnerships are essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monoclonal antibody classification, what type is denoted by the suffix '-zumab'?

    <p>Humanized antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT part of the hybridoma technology process for developing monoclonal antibodies?

    <p>Fusing B cells with T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biotechnology

    • This class is designed to provide a broad view of the biotechnology industry, covering important aspects from molecular biotechnology and receptor pharmacology to regulatory affairs and drug development.
    • The course integrates multiple disciplines, including process engineering, chemistry, and business.
    • Knowledge gained from this class can be applied in real life professions.

    Instructor and Course Details

    • The instructor has a PhD in Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology.
    • He has worked in academia, government, and the biotechnology industry.
    • He is currently an Associate Teaching Professor and Faculty Lead in Biotechnology at Northeastern University.

    Course Requirements

    • Attendance is mandatory and may affect your grade.
    • You must notify the instructor if you miss a class before it starts.
    • Assignments require accurate and concise language and are due at the start of the following class.

    Biotechnology and COVID-19 Vaccines

    • COVID-19 vaccines target the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
    • The development process was accelerated by previous research, faster manufacturing methods, and significant funding.
    • Vector vaccines and mRNA vaccines are two primary types of COVID-19 vaccines.

    Drug Development

    • Preclinical testing determines the safety of a drug for human trials.
    • Enzyme kinetics plays a crucial role in drug development, with factors like temperature and pH influencing enzyme activity.
    • Competitive inhibitors slow down product formation by competing with the substrate for the enzyme's active site.
    • Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site and potentially affecting the protein's stability.
    • Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are important targets for drug development, especially in areas like cell signaling and growth.
    • Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) regulate safety studies for drugs, including mRNA vaccines.

    Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Biomedical Research

    • The National Academy of Medicine outlined several priorities for COVID-19 response, including investing in research, accelerating diagnostic testing, building public-private partnerships, and ensuring access to treatment and prevention measures for all populations.

    Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs)

    • mAbs are antibodies that target a specific antigen.
    • mAb development has progressed from murine (derived from mice) to humanized and fully human antibodies, providing better safety profiles and reducing the risk of immune rejection.
    • Hybridoma technology combines a short-lived antibody-producing B cell with an immortal myeloma cell to create a hybrid cell that produces antibodies indefinitely.

    Ethical Considerations in Research: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

    • The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, conducted from 1932 to 1972, involved withholding treatment from Black men with syphilis to study the disease's progression.
    • It is considered a major example of unethical research practices, contributing to the development of informed consent regulations.

    Biotherapeutic Development Roadmap

    • The development of biotherapeutics includes preclinical (IND), clinical trial (IND), and post-approval (NDA/BLA) phases.
    • The different phases involve comprehensive testing for safety, efficacy, and regulatory clearance.

    Final Group Project

    • The final group project will be an opportunity to apply acquired knowledge to real-world biotechnology applications in areas like research and commercialization.

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    Foundations in Biotechnology PDF Module 1-7

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from the Introduction to Biotechnology class, exploring various aspects of the biotechnology industry, including molecular biotechnology, receptor pharmacology, and drug development. It's designed to assess your understanding and application of the knowledge gained in this multidisciplinary course.

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