Introduction to Biomedical Sciences Quiz
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Questions and Answers

60% of the total body weight in a normal adult male is:

  • fats
  • proteins
  • water (correct)
  • carbohydrate

    • As regards the intracellular fluid (ICF), which of the following is correct?

  • ICF = TBW + ECF
  • ICF = TBW - ECF (correct)
  • It accounts for 1/3 the total body water (TBW).
  • It is the fluid bathing in-between the cells.

    • Which of the following is correct as regards the ICF and ECF?

  • Sodium ion concentration is higher in the ICF.
  • Calcium ion concentration is higher in the ICF.
  • The Osmolarity is the same for both ICF and ECF. (correct)
  • The Osmolarity of ECF is lower than that of ICF.

    • Which of the following indicators is used to determine the ECF volume?

    <p>Inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As regards the plasma, which of the following is correct?

    <p>Plasma - blood cells = serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following conditions show decreased A/G ratio Except in case of:

    <p>pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The plasma oncotic (osmotic) pressure is mainly due to the presence of:

    <p>albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As regards blood viscosity, which of the following statements is correct?

    <p>Blood is 3 times as viscous as water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The advantage of the biconcave shape of RBCs is:

    <p>increasing the surface area of their membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiency of NADH methemoglobin reductase enzyme leads to:

    <p>hereditary met-hemoglobinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "The hemoglobin content in infants is higher than in adults" can be explained by:

    <p>intrauterine hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are functions of the spleen Except:

    <p>Is a site of formation of RBCs in adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a blood sample is taken for DNA analysis, which of the following should be examined?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Concerning polycythemia, the following are correct Except:

    <p>May be accompanied by increased production of WBCs and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding erythropoietin hormone, which of the following is correct?

    <p>Hypoxia causes deficiency of its secretion from the kidney.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding iron, which of the following is correct?

    <p>Is stored mainly in the form of ferritin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepcidin secretion is increased by:

    <p>iron deficiency due to decreased intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Synthesis of DNA and cell division of RBCs in bone marrow requires:

    <p>Vitamin B12 and folic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin B12 absorption needs all of the following Except:

    <p>Trypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient who has refused to eat vegetables for one year because he hears voices saying that vegetables are poisoned. His hemoglobin level 9 gm/dl, his leukocyte count 9000/mm³, his MCV is 122 u³ and his neurological examination is normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

    <p>Folic acid deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic blood loss in a person can result in which type of anemia?

    <p>Hypochromic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If MCV=90 μ³ ³in an anemic patient, what might be the cause?

    <p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aggregation of platelets is inhibited by:

    <p>Prostacyclin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bleeding disorder due to platelet deficiency is:

    <p>Thrombocytopenic purpura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspirin can cause bleeding tendency secondary to inhibition of:

    <p>cyclooxygenase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The activation of which clotting factor is crucial for the extrinsic mechanism of blood coagulation?

    <p>VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clotting factors is not vitamin K dependent?

    <p>Factor V</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conversion of prothrombin into thrombin needs:

    <p>active clotting factor X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood coagulates when collecting blood sample in a glass test tube due to:

    <p>Negatively charged wettable surface activates coagulation factor XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following are considered fibrinolytic substances Except:

    <p>Cyclooxygenase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substances that attract the phagocytes to the site of inflammation are

    <p>chemotaxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The following cranial nerve nucleus gives origin to parasympathetic:

    <p>Cranial nerve number VII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In response to a systemic sympathetic response, epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. Which receptor does epinephrine bind to in cardiac muscle cells, bronchial smooth muscle cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells?

    <h1>Cardiac muscle cells = β₁ Bronchial smooth muscle cells = β₂ Vascular smooth muscle cells = α₁ β₂</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurons of the autonomic nervous system release norepinephrine?

    <p>Sympathetic postganglionic neurons at cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 39-year-old woman returns home after eating at a buffet. An hour later she is relaxing in front of the television. Which of the following autonomic responses is most likely occurring?

    <p>Increased peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While driving, you narrowly avoid a car accident by slamming on the brakes. Your heart rate is accelerated (increased) when you come to a stop. Which of the following physiologic parameters will be decreased in response to this experience?

    <p>Systolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are TRUE as regards nicotinic receptors?

    <p>Are present on the membrane of adrenal medulla cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system is activated during

    <p>Rest and sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adrenergic nerve fibers secrete:

    <p>Nor adrenaline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ciliary ganglion is considered as:

    <p>parasympathetic collateral ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following sympathetic post ganglionic nerve fibers secrete norepinephrine Except those supplying:

    <p>the bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers that arise from T1 and T2 spinal segments and are going to supply the head and neck relay in which of the following ganglia?

    <p>cervical ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stimulation of the Vagus nerve produces:

    <p>secretion and vasodilatation of the salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a ganglion blocker?

    <p>Atropine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bonding occurs between NH3+ and COO-?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of bond that presents between water molecules is:

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sorbitol is produced by reduction of:

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fructose and mannose are:

    <p>Epimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reduction of monosaccharides produces:

    <p>Sugar alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is sulfate free GAG?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The polysaccharide which is used as dermal filler is:

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ and _______ are used as sweetener:

    <p>Mannitol and sorbitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucopolysaccharidosis are caused by...............

    <p>Genetic deficiency of lysosomal enzymes which break down GAGs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The polysaccharide which is used to prevent constipation:

    <p>Inulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The decrease of which of the following phospholipid is associated with Alzheimer disease?

    <p>Plasmalogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Linoleic acid is an example for:

    <p>Omega 6 fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of acyclic eicosanoids is:

    <p>Leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Snake venom causes hemolysis of RBCs due to activation of the following enzyme:

    <p>Lecithinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biomedical Sciences - Multiple Choice Questions

    • Body Composition: 60% of a normal adult male's body weight is water.

    • Intracellular Fluid (ICF): ICF accounts for 2/3 of the total body water (TBW).  ICF = TBW - ECF. ICF is the fluid inside cells.

    • Extracellular Fluid (ECF): ECF is the fluid outside cells. ICF and ECF differ in ion concentrations and osmolarity. ECF osmolarity is lower than ICF osmolarity.

    • ECF Volume Measurement: Evan's blue dye is used to measure ECF volume.

    • Plasma Composition: Plasma is 25% of the blood volume; Plasma - blood cells = serum.

    • A/G Ratio: A/G ratio decreases with hepatitis, nephrotic renal disease, and severe infections. Not decreased in pharyngitis.

    • Plasma Oncotic Pressure: Mainly caused by albumin.

    • Blood Viscosity: Blood is 3 times more viscous than water.

    • Red Blood Cell Shape: The biconcave shape of red blood cells maximizes their surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

    • NADH Methemoglobin Reductase Deficiency: Leads to hereditary methemoglobinemia, resulting in the oxidation of hemoglobin.

    • Hemoglobin Content in Infants: Higher hemoglobin content in infants is due to intrauterine hypoxia and increased lifespan of red blood cells.

    • Spleen Function: The spleen stores platelets, contains lymphocytes and macrophages, and destroys old red blood cells. It is NOT a site of red blood cell production in adults.

    • DNA Analysis: Erythrocytes, neutrophils, platelets, plasma proteins are examined in blood samples for DNA analysis.

    • Polycythemia: Characterized by increased production of white blood cells, platelets, increased blood viscosity, and may occur at high altitudes or with excessive erythropoietin hormone.

    • Iron Absorption and Storage: Iron is absorbed better in a reduced state (Fe2+) and stored primarily as ferritin. Iron loss is generally higher in males.

    • Hepcidin: Increased by hypoxia and decreased iron intake.

    • Vitamin B12 Absorption: Requires intrinsic factor.

    • Patient with Vegetable Poisoning: Most likely diagnosis: Folic Acid Deficiency.

    • Chronic Blood Loss Anemia: Hypochromic anemia.

    • MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) of 90 μ³: Suggests normal red blood cell size.

    • Platelet Aggregation: Inhibited by prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, and platelet activating factor.

    • Platelet Deficiency Bleeding Disorder: Thrombocytopenic purpura.

    • Aspirin: Inhibits cyclooxygenase enzyme, causing an increased bleeding tendency.

    • Extrinsic Coagulation Pathway: Activated by factor VII.

    • Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors: Factors II, VII, IX, and X.

    • Vitamin K-Independent Factor: Factor V.

    • Blood Coagulation in Glass Tube: Tissue factor thromboplastin activates Factor X.

    • Fibrinolytic Substances: Exclude cyclooxygenase enzyme.

    • Inflammation Attraction: Chemotaxins attract phagocytes to inflammation sites.

    • Parasympathetic Cranial Nerve Nucleus: Cranial nerve number VII.

    • Neurotransmitter Release in Autonomic System: Sympathetic postganglionic neurons at cardiac muscle release norepinephrine.

    • Autonomic Response: Increased sweating is a likely response to eating a heavy meal.

    • Physiologic Parameter Decrease in Response to Avoidance of Accident: Vascular resistance

    • Nicotinic Receptors: Located on adrenal medulla cells, are not adrenergic receptors and are not present on heart cells supplied by parasympathetic fibers.

    • Adrenergic Nerve Fibers: Secrete norepinephrine, not acetylcholine (parasympathetic).

    • Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons: Release norepinephrine (excluding sweat glands).

    • Ciliary Ganglion is a parasympathetic terminal ganglion.

    • Sulfate Free GAG: Inulin

    • Dermal Filler Polysaccharide: Hyaluronic acid.

    • Sweeteners: Dulcitol and mannitol; Sorbitol and dulcitol; Mannitol and sorbitol; Mannitol and ribitol.

    • Mucopolysaccharidosis Cause: Deficiency of lysosomal enzymes breaking down GAGs.

    • Constipation Prevention: Inulin.

    • Phospholipid and Alzheimer's: Decreases in plasmalogen is related to Alzheimer's disease.

    • Amino Acid: Linoleic acid is an Omega-6 fatty acid.

    • Enzyme Inhibition: Irreversible inhibition is represented by Statins, Allopurinol, Salts of heavy metals.

    • Ketogenic Amino Acids: Tyrosine, Methionine, Leucine, Tryptophan

    • Zwitter Ion: Amino acid at an isoelectric point.

    • Fibrous Protein: Collagen

    • Enzyme Mechanism: Lowering activation energy.

    • Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Inhibit cyclooxygenase.

    • Competitive Inhibitor: Reversal by increasing substrate concentration.

    • Enzyme Kinetics (Km): Substrate concentration at half Vmax.

    • DNA Replication Mechanism: Semi-conservative.

    • Enzyme Telomerase: It is a reverse transcriptase enzyme, uses an RNA template, moves to the 3' end of DNA to synthesize repetitive sequences.

    • Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Topoisomerases remove supercoiling.

    • Fragment Joining: DNA fragments are joined by 'Ligases'.

    • Apo B 100 Synthesis: mRNA editing results in apoB-48 protein synthesis in intestines rather than apoB-100 protein.

    • Transcription Process: RNA polymerase uses ribonucleotide triphosphates to synthesize RNA, is in 5' to 3' direction, and does not require a primer.

    • Transcription Requirement: RNA polymerase, a promoter

    • Promoter: A specific DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds.

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