Introduction to Biomedical Sciences Quiz

Introduction to Biomedical Sciences - Multiple Choice Questions

• Body Composition: 60% of a normal adult male's body weight is water.

• Intracellular Fluid (ICF): ICF accounts for 2/3 of the total body water (TBW).  ICF = TBW - ECF. ICF is the fluid inside cells.

• Extracellular Fluid (ECF): ECF is the fluid outside cells. ICF and ECF differ in ion concentrations and osmolarity. ECF osmolarity is lower than ICF osmolarity.

• ECF Volume Measurement: Evan's blue dye is used to measure ECF volume.

• Plasma Composition: Plasma is 25% of the blood volume; Plasma - blood cells = serum.

• A/G Ratio: A/G ratio decreases with hepatitis, nephrotic renal disease, and severe infections. Not decreased in pharyngitis.

• Plasma Oncotic Pressure: Mainly caused by albumin.

• Blood Viscosity: Blood is 3 times more viscous than water.

• Red Blood Cell Shape: The biconcave shape of red blood cells maximizes their surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

• NADH Methemoglobin Reductase Deficiency: Leads to hereditary methemoglobinemia, resulting in the oxidation of hemoglobin.

• Hemoglobin Content in Infants: Higher hemoglobin content in infants is due to intrauterine hypoxia and increased lifespan of red blood cells.

• Spleen Function: The spleen stores platelets, contains lymphocytes and macrophages, and destroys old red blood cells. It is NOT a site of red blood cell production in adults.

• DNA Analysis: Erythrocytes, neutrophils, platelets, plasma proteins are examined in blood samples for DNA analysis.

• Polycythemia: Characterized by increased production of white blood cells, platelets, increased blood viscosity, and may occur at high altitudes or with excessive erythropoietin hormone.

• Iron Absorption and Storage: Iron is absorbed better in a reduced state (Fe2+) and stored primarily as ferritin. Iron loss is generally higher in males.

• Hepcidin: Increased by hypoxia and decreased iron intake.

• Vitamin B12 Absorption: Requires intrinsic factor.

• Patient with Vegetable Poisoning: Most likely diagnosis: Folic Acid Deficiency.

• Chronic Blood Loss Anemia: Hypochromic anemia.

• MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) of 90 μ³: Suggests normal red blood cell size.

• Platelet Aggregation: Inhibited by prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, and platelet activating factor.

• Platelet Deficiency Bleeding Disorder: Thrombocytopenic purpura.

• Aspirin: Inhibits cyclooxygenase enzyme, causing an increased bleeding tendency.

• Extrinsic Coagulation Pathway: Activated by factor VII.

• Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors: Factors II, VII, IX, and X.

• Vitamin K-Independent Factor: Factor V.

• Blood Coagulation in Glass Tube: Tissue factor thromboplastin activates Factor X.

• Fibrinolytic Substances: Exclude cyclooxygenase enzyme.

• Inflammation Attraction: Chemotaxins attract phagocytes to inflammation sites.

• Parasympathetic Cranial Nerve Nucleus: Cranial nerve number VII.

• Neurotransmitter Release in Autonomic System: Sympathetic postganglionic neurons at cardiac muscle release norepinephrine.

• Autonomic Response: Increased sweating is a likely response to eating a heavy meal.

• Physiologic Parameter Decrease in Response to Avoidance of Accident: Vascular resistance

• Nicotinic Receptors: Located on adrenal medulla cells, are not adrenergic receptors and are not present on heart cells supplied by parasympathetic fibers.

• Adrenergic Nerve Fibers: Secrete norepinephrine, not acetylcholine (parasympathetic).

• Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons: Release norepinephrine (excluding sweat glands).

• Ciliary Ganglion is a parasympathetic terminal ganglion.

• Sulfate Free GAG: Inulin

• Dermal Filler Polysaccharide: Hyaluronic acid.

• Sweeteners: Dulcitol and mannitol; Sorbitol and dulcitol; Mannitol and sorbitol; Mannitol and ribitol.

• Mucopolysaccharidosis Cause: Deficiency of lysosomal enzymes breaking down GAGs.

• Constipation Prevention: Inulin.

• Phospholipid and Alzheimer's: Decreases in plasmalogen is related to Alzheimer's disease.

• Amino Acid: Linoleic acid is an Omega-6 fatty acid.

• Enzyme Inhibition: Irreversible inhibition is represented by Statins, Allopurinol, Salts of heavy metals.

• Ketogenic Amino Acids: Tyrosine, Methionine, Leucine, Tryptophan

• Zwitter Ion: Amino acid at an isoelectric point.

• Fibrous Protein: Collagen

• Enzyme Mechanism: Lowering activation energy.

• Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Inhibit cyclooxygenase.

• Competitive Inhibitor: Reversal by increasing substrate concentration.

• Enzyme Kinetics (Km): Substrate concentration at half Vmax.

• DNA Replication Mechanism: Semi-conservative.

• Enzyme Telomerase: It is a reverse transcriptase enzyme, uses an RNA template, moves to the 3' end of DNA to synthesize repetitive sequences.

• Eukaryotic DNA Replication: Topoisomerases remove supercoiling.

• Fragment Joining: DNA fragments are joined by 'Ligases'.

• Apo B 100 Synthesis: mRNA editing results in apoB-48 protein synthesis in intestines rather than apoB-100 protein.

• Transcription Process: RNA polymerase uses ribonucleotide triphosphates to synthesize RNA, is in 5' to 3' direction, and does not require a primer.

• Transcription Requirement: RNA polymerase, a promoter

• Promoter: A specific DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds.