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What does kinetics study?
What does kinetics study?
Kinematics takes into account the forces that produce motion.
Kinematics takes into account the forces that produce motion.
False
What is the primary goal of applying biomechanics in sports?
What is the primary goal of applying biomechanics in sports?
To analyze and improve performance by understanding forces and motion.
The new vault table is designed to be more ______ than the old vaulting horse.
The new vault table is designed to be more ______ than the old vaulting horse.
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Match the biomechanical terms with their definitions:
Match the biomechanical terms with their definitions:
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Which formula represents the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration?
Which formula represents the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration?
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According to the third law of motion, action forces and reaction forces act in the same direction.
According to the third law of motion, action forces and reaction forces act in the same direction.
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What is acceleration?
What is acceleration?
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Gravity causes a body to accelerate downwards at a rate of ______ m/s².
Gravity causes a body to accelerate downwards at a rate of ______ m/s².
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Match the type of velocity to its description:
Match the type of velocity to its description:
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If a body slows down, what must be applied?
If a body slows down, what must be applied?
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When a body part is extended in one direction, the opposite body part must also move.
When a body part is extended in one direction, the opposite body part must also move.
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What is the significance of ground reaction forces in biomechanics?
What is the significance of ground reaction forces in biomechanics?
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What is the primary factor that determines success in the vault in gymnastics?
What is the primary factor that determines success in the vault in gymnastics?
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Mass is the same everywhere in the universe regardless of location.
Mass is the same everywhere in the universe regardless of location.
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What is the approximate value of gravitational acceleration on Earth?
What is the approximate value of gravitational acceleration on Earth?
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Weight is a measure of ______.
Weight is a measure of ______.
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Match the following definitions with the correct terms:
Match the following definitions with the correct terms:
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Where is the center of mass (COM) located in the anatomical position for males?
Where is the center of mass (COM) located in the anatomical position for males?
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The center of mass (COM) can be located outside the body.
The center of mass (COM) can be located outside the body.
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The greater the _______ of support, the greater the stability.
The greater the _______ of support, the greater the stability.
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What is the relationship between the center of mass (COM) and stability?
What is the relationship between the center of mass (COM) and stability?
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A larger base of support decreases stability.
A larger base of support decreases stability.
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What does the timing of force application in gymnastics involve?
What does the timing of force application in gymnastics involve?
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The reaction to a direct action force is called a _____ reaction force.
The reaction to a direct action force is called a _____ reaction force.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following factors is NOT related to effective force application?
Which of the following factors is NOT related to effective force application?
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Body tension and shape directly influence the rigidity of the body.
Body tension and shape directly influence the rigidity of the body.
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What is total mechanical energy composed of?
What is total mechanical energy composed of?
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For optimal performance, the strength and power in all active muscles must be _____ for the desired outcome.
For optimal performance, the strength and power in all active muscles must be _____ for the desired outcome.
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Which of these forces must be greater than the reaction force in effective gymnastics performance?
Which of these forces must be greater than the reaction force in effective gymnastics performance?
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What advantage does the new vault table provide for gymnasts?
What advantage does the new vault table provide for gymnasts?
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Qualitative biomechanical analysis is mainly used for scientific studies because it requires advanced technology.
Qualitative biomechanical analysis is mainly used for scientific studies because it requires advanced technology.
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What is the SI unit of force?
What is the SI unit of force?
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A force is any cause that changes or tends to change the ______ of an object.
A force is any cause that changes or tends to change the ______ of an object.
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Match the following types of forces to their descriptions:
Match the following types of forces to their descriptions:
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The first law of motion suggests that an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an internal force.
The first law of motion suggests that an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon by an internal force.
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What can be inferred about the resultant force acting on an object?
What can be inferred about the resultant force acting on an object?
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What is linear momentum defined as?
What is linear momentum defined as?
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The resistance to changes in motion is referred to as ______.
The resistance to changes in motion is referred to as ______.
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According to Newton's second law of motion, force is equal to which of the following?
According to Newton's second law of motion, force is equal to which of the following?
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What is the primary focus of kinetics in biomechanics?
What is the primary focus of kinetics in biomechanics?
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Which of the following is true about the new vault table compared to the old vaulting horse?
Which of the following is true about the new vault table compared to the old vaulting horse?
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What is the primary application of knowledge in biomechanics?
What is the primary application of knowledge in biomechanics?
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In the context of biomechanics, what does kinematics specifically focus on?
In the context of biomechanics, what does kinematics specifically focus on?
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How can the study of biomechanics contribute to error correction in sports?
How can the study of biomechanics contribute to error correction in sports?
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What does the principle of action-reaction imply during physical movement?
What does the principle of action-reaction imply during physical movement?
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What is meant by negative acceleration?
What is meant by negative acceleration?
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What must occur when there is a change in the direction of a moving body?
What must occur when there is a change in the direction of a moving body?
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Which of the following describes instantaneous velocity?
Which of the following describes instantaneous velocity?
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When applying Newton's second law (F=ma), what does 'a' represent?
When applying Newton's second law (F=ma), what does 'a' represent?
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If a gymnast is extending their legs forward, what must also happen?
If a gymnast is extending their legs forward, what must also happen?
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What force primarily accelerates a body downwards when in the air?
What force primarily accelerates a body downwards when in the air?
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Which statement is true regarding the relationship between running speed and jump quality?
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between running speed and jump quality?
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What is the primary advantage of the new vault table concerning vertical forces?
What is the primary advantage of the new vault table concerning vertical forces?
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Which aspect of qualitative biomechanical analysis is most relevant?
Which aspect of qualitative biomechanical analysis is most relevant?
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What does the first law of motion state about a body at rest?
What does the first law of motion state about a body at rest?
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How is linear momentum quantitatively defined?
How is linear momentum quantitatively defined?
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What represents the overall effect of multiple forces acting simultaneously?
What represents the overall effect of multiple forces acting simultaneously?
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What factor contributes to the inertia of an object?
What factor contributes to the inertia of an object?
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Which of the following is a major external force acting on gymnasts?
Which of the following is a major external force acting on gymnasts?
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What is the significance of frictional force in gymnastics?
What is the significance of frictional force in gymnastics?
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What does the second law of motion describe?
What does the second law of motion describe?
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Which type of biomechanical analysis is more suitable for empirical research?
Which type of biomechanical analysis is more suitable for empirical research?
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What is the primary significance of having a high run-up speed in artistic gymnastics vault?
What is the primary significance of having a high run-up speed in artistic gymnastics vault?
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Which of the following best describes the center of mass (COM) in the anatomical position for females?
Which of the following best describes the center of mass (COM) in the anatomical position for females?
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How does lowering the center of mass (COM) affect stability?
How does lowering the center of mass (COM) affect stability?
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Which statement is true regarding weight and mass?
Which statement is true regarding weight and mass?
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What impact does a larger base of support have on stability?
What impact does a larger base of support have on stability?
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What does the term 'inertia' refer to in the context of mass?
What does the term 'inertia' refer to in the context of mass?
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Which of the following is not a principle of stability?
Which of the following is not a principle of stability?
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What does the center of mass (COM) represent in a body?
What does the center of mass (COM) represent in a body?
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What is true about the relationship between the center of mass (COM) and the base of support?
What is true about the relationship between the center of mass (COM) and the base of support?
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Which of the following factors contributes to effective force application?
Which of the following factors contributes to effective force application?
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In gymnastics, what must be true about the action forces applied?
In gymnastics, what must be true about the action forces applied?
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What happens if a force is applied off center to a rigid body?
What happens if a force is applied off center to a rigid body?
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Which statement about total mechanical energy is correct?
Which statement about total mechanical energy is correct?
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What effect does a higher center of mass (COM) have on stability?
What effect does a higher center of mass (COM) have on stability?
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What is the impact of a segmented body on mechanical stability?
What is the impact of a segmented body on mechanical stability?
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How does timing play a role in effective force application?
How does timing play a role in effective force application?
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Which of the following poses a limitation when applying force to a rigid body?
Which of the following poses a limitation when applying force to a rigid body?
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What must occur to ensure a reaction force is effective in gymnastics?
What must occur to ensure a reaction force is effective in gymnastics?
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Study Notes
What is Biomechanics?
- The application of mechanical laws to living structures.
- The study of forces acting on or produced by the human body (external or internal forces).
- Biomechanics is applicable to the technique realm.
Kinetics
- The study of the relationship between the force system acting on a body and the changes it produces in a body motion.
Kinematics
- A branch of mechanics which deals with the geometry of the motion of objects, including displacement, velocity and acceleration without taking into account the forces that produce the motion.
Biomechanics Applications
- Understanding gymnastics skills.
- Analyzing and teaching skills.
- Identifying causes of errors.
- Correcting errors.
- Applying knowledge to changes in apparatus and rules.
- Evaluating new innovations.
New Vault Table
- Increased approach velocity.
- Shorter pre-flight times.
- Safer and more comfortable wrist position.
- Advantage for applying vertical forces.
- Increased friction (safety and force application).
Types of Biomechanical Analysis
- Quantitative biomechanical analysis - used in scientific studies, requires more preparation time, technological resources for data collection, laborious statistical analysis.
- Qualitative biomechanical analysis - useful for identifying movement parameters and deviations, describing positions and phases, actions, explaining causes, mechanisms, principles, predicting effects, techniques, methodologies, recommending physical or technical corrections,.
Forces
- Force - considered as the pushing or pulling action that one object exerts on another.
- Force - any cause that changes or tends to change the velocity or shape of an object.
- Newton (N) - the international system of units (SI) unit of force.
- F - symbol for force vector.
- Internal forces - generated by muscles and transmitted by tendons, bones, ligaments, and cartilage.
- External forces - weight, reaction forces, friction.
- Resultant Force - if several forces act simultaneously, their combined effect can be represented by this single force.
External Forces
- Force of gravity (weight) - the force of attraction between any two masses.
- Centripetal force - a force that makes a body follow a curved path.
- Ground reaction force - a force exerted by a surface on an object in contact with it.
- Frictional force - a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
- Impulse force - a force that acts over a short period of time.
- Torque - a force that causes rotation.
Newton's Laws of Motion
- First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) - a body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
- Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration) - the force action on an object is equal to the mass of the object times its acceleration (F=m.a).
- Third Law of Motion (Law of Action) - for every action force there is a reaction force equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and simultaneous.
The Principle of Action-Reaction in the Air
- It's not possible to move body part A towards body part B without simultaneously moving body part B towards body part A.
- This is the basis for generating 'indirect' ground reaction forces when in contact with the floor or apparatus.
- When a body part is extended upward, the body must move downward and vice versa.
- When a body part is extended sideways, the body must tilt in the opposite direction.
- When the legs are extended forwards, the trunk must come forwards, and vice versa.
- When the upper body is twisted to the right, the lower body must twist to the left, and vice versa.
Kinematics
- Velocity - measure of how far the body has moved in a specific period of time (average velocity) or of how fast it is moving (instantaneous velocity).
- Acceleration - a measure of how much a body's velocity changes overtime.
- Deceleration - negative acceleration (decrease in velocity).
Static Positions
- Mass - quantity of matter that an object contains.
- Weight - the gravitational attraction between 2 objects.
- Force of Gravity - the force of attraction between any two masses.
- Center of Mass / Center of Gravity (COM) - the point about which a body is equally balanced in all directions.
- Center of Mass (COM) - the point at which the body's total mass is considered to be concentrated.
Principles of Stability
- Stability - resistance to linear and angular motion.
- Balance - the ability to maintain a stable position.
- The Lower the COM to the base of support, the greater the stability.
- The larger the base of support, the greater the stability.
- The nearer the COM is over the center of the base of support, the greater the stability.
- In a segmented body, the better the vertical alignment of the COM’s of the individual segments, the greater the stability.
Applied Biomechanics
- Direct Ground Reaction Force - the reaction to a 'direct action' force applied by the gymnast.
- Indirect Ground Reaction Force - the reaction to a 'reaction action' applied by the gymnast.
- Jumping - downwards pushing the legs results (F ACTION) in an upwards direct (GROUND) reaction force (F REACTION).
- Swinging arms up (DIRECT ACTION) - body wants to go down (DIRECT REACTION) and increases reaction force upward (INDIRECT REACTION FORCE).
Mechanics of Spring
- An action force must be applied that generates a reaction force large enough to overcome the force of gravity.
- Can be from internal forces (muscular contractions).
- Can be from external forces (mini tramp, bar, springboard, etc.).
Effective Force Application is Related to
- Magnitude - strength in all active muscles.
- Point of Application - (off center = rotation).
- Direction - always opposite to application.
- Duration - range of motion/flexibility.
- Timing - coordination.
- Rigidity of the body - body tension and shape.
Magnitude of Force
- Must be sufficient for the desired outcome (optimal vs maximal).
- Strength and power in all active muscles.
Direction of Force
- Must be in the desired direction.
- Remember "action force > reaction force".
Duration of Force
- Must be over the longest time and distance possible.
- Range of motion/flexibility in all active joints.
Time of Force
- Sequential summation of forces.
- Largest to smallest.
- Proximal to distal.
- Coordination.
Force Applied to Rigid Body
- Otherwise forces will be used or "wasted" to change the shape of the body.
- Body tension and shape.
Take-Off Force
- At the instant of take-off, these are determined:
- Angle (º) of take-off and landing (COM).
- Vertical velocity up (Vz) (reduced to zero by gravity).
- Vertical velocity (Vz) on landing = Initial vertical velocity (V0z).
- Horizontal velocity (Vx).
- Height (= Time).
- Distance.
- Direction.
Time in the Air (= Height)
Rotational Momentum
- Body shape (= potential to change speed of rotation).
Total Mechanical Energy
- Total Mechanical Energy (= Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy).
Biomechanics in Gymnastics
- Biomechanics applies mechanical principles to understand the forces acting on the human body, particularly during gymnastics.
- Kinetic study focuses on force and its effect on motion.
- Kinematics focuses on the geometry of motion without considering the forces involved.
Applications of Biomechanics in Gymnastics
- Applying biomechanics helps understand, analyze, and teach gymnastics skills.
- It helps identify causes of errors, suggest corrective actions, and evaluate new innovations.
- The new vaulting table is an example of biomechanical innovation aimed at improving safety and enhancing performance.
Types of Biomechanical Analysis
- Qualitative analysis involves observing and describing movement characteristics.
- Quantitative analysis uses measurements and data to quantify and analyze movement.
Forces in Gymnastics
- Gymnasts experience both internal and external forces.
- External forces include gravity, reaction forces, and friction.
- Resultant force represents the combined effect of multiple forces acting on the body.
Newton's Laws of Motion
- The first law describes inertia - a body's tendency to resist changes in its state of motion (rest or uniform motion).
- The second law states that force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration (F=ma).
- The third law states for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Principle of Action-Reaction
- Explains how forces are generated in the air using body parts.
- Moving a body part in one direction automatically causes an opposite movement in another part.
Kinematics Concepts
- Velocity measures how fast an object moves (m/s).
- Acceleration measures how much velocity changes over time (m/s2).
- Gravity (9.81 m/s2) causes downward acceleration.
Static Positions in Gymnastics
- Mass is the quantity of matter in an object and remains constant.
- Weight is the gravitational force on an object and varies depending on location.
- Center of Mass (COM) is the point where the body's total mass is concentrated.
- It's crucial to understand COM for stable positions and movements.
Principles of Stability and Balance
- Stability is the resistance to linear and angular motion.
- Balance is the ability to maintain a stable position.
- Stability is influenced by COM position, base of support size, and vertical alignment of body segments.
Applied Biomechanics: Indirect Ground Reaction Forces
- Indirect ground reaction forces are generated in response to a reaction force that's initiated by the gymnast.
- Examples include jumping, swinging arms up, and extending legs forward.
Biomechanics of Springing and Force Application
- Effective force application is critical for achieving desired movements.
- Key factors include magnitude, point of application, direction, duration, timing, and rigidity of the body.
Factors in Force Application
- Magnitude: Sufficient force based on strength and power of muscles.
- Direction: Must be consistent with the desired movement.
- Duration: Applying force over the longest time and distance possible.
- Timing: Coordination and sequential summation of forces.
- Rigidity: Body tension and maintaining a rigid structure.
Biomechanical Analysis of Take-Off
- Analyzing take-off involves measuring factors like take-off angle, vertical velocity, horizontal velocity, height, distance, and direction.
Rotational Momentum and Total Mechanical Energy
- Body shape influences rotational momentum.
- Total mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of biomechanics, including the principles of kinetics and kinematics. This quiz covers the application of mechanical laws to living structures and real-life applications within sports and exercises. Test your understanding of how forces influence human movement and analyze various techniques in gymnastics.
