Kinetics and Kinematics in Biomechanics

Electromyography and Kinematic Data

• Electromyography (EMG) is used to assess muscle activity, helping to understand neuromuscular function.
• Kinematic data collection excludes technologies like MRI scans, which do not capture motion analysis directly.

Standing Kinetics

• Inverse Center of Pressure (CoP) calculation is essential when assessing balance and stability during static or dynamic postures.

EMG Signal Processing

• Linear envelope processing of EMG signals involves smoothing and rectifying raw EMG data to evaluate muscle activation patterns.

Force and Motion Calculation

• Inverse dynamics, utilizing techniques such as force plates, calculates forces, moments, energies, and powers related to movement and biomechanics.

Angular Velocity

• Angular velocity measures the rate of rotation of a body segment in two planes, assessing motion dynamics during activities like walking or running.

Multitasking Paradigms

• General assumptions in multitasking paradigms suggest that individuals share cognitive resources, affecting performance levels.
• Dual-task costs are indicated by process interference, showing the burden on shared cognitive resources.

Task Switching

• Task switching in multitasking paradigms focuses on the cognitive shifts and the time taken to switch attention between different tasks.

Cross Talk in Multitasking

• Cross talk causes interference between tasks when one task negatively affects the performance of another due to overlapping cognitive resources.

Postural Control

• Effective postural control requires integration of sensory information, motor outputs, and the ability to adapt to environmental changes.

Executive Control Processes

• High demands on executive control processes for coordinating tasks result in increased dual-task costs and potential performance decrements.

Attention According to William James

• Attention is defined by William James as the ability to focus on specific stimuli while disregarding others.

Brain Regions and Attention

• The anterior attentional system's focal processing is centered in the prefrontal cortex, responsible for higher-order decision-making and focus.

Arousal in Attention

• The Ascending Arousal System is crucial for regulating alertness and overall awareness, influencing the readiness for attention shifts.

Types of Attention

• Reflexive attention involves rapid, involuntary eye or gaze movements that direct focus quickly to salient stimuli.

Spatial-Cueing Paradigm

• The 'Spatial-cueing' paradigm is mainly associated with investigating how cues direct attention and improve processing speed for targets.

Disengage Mechanism

• In the 'Spatial-cueing' paradigm, the 'Disengage' mechanism refers to the cognitive process of shifting attention away from one stimulus to another.

Attention Spotlight

• The 'Zoom lens' concept in attention is linked to the ability to adjust the focus of attention, encompassing either broad or narrow areas.

Anterior Attentional System

• Primarily focused on high-level executive functions, the Anterior attentional system manages goal-directed tasks and decision-making processes.

Spatial-Cueing/Prying Attention

• 'Spatial-cueing/priming' represents a top-down form of attention, priming the brain's response to expected stimuli.

Posterior Attentional System

• The Posterior attentional system, or orienting system, primarily concentrates on directing sensory attention to environmental inputs.