Kinetics and Kinematics in Biomechanics

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of electromyography?

To monitor the propagation of motor unit action potential waves (correct)

To determine the position of a body segment

To calculate forces and moments in a body segment

To measure linear velocity of a body segment

Which technology is NOT used for kinematic data collection according to the text?

Goniometer

Accelerometers

Piezoelectric sensors (correct)

Light transducers

In standing kinetics, when is Inverse CoP calculation necessary?

When using capacitance gauge techniques

When employing piezoelectric sensors

When using strain gauge techniques

When direct CoP calculation is not possible (correct)

What does Linear envelope processing of EMG signal involve?

Matching the impulse response of the muscle with a low-pass filter Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is utilized for calculating forces, moments, energies, and powers using inverse solutions?

Strain gauge Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a body segment is measured by angular velocity in two planes?

Angular acceleration of the segment in two planes Signup and view all the answers

What is the general assumption for the interpretation of multitasking paradigms related to capacity sharing?

Parallel processing and distinction between primary and secondary tasks Signup and view all the answers

What indicates process interference and the amount of shared resources in dual-task costs?

Decrease in performance on a particular task under dual-task conditions compared to single-task conditions Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the interpretation of multitasking paradigms related to task switching?

Sequential processing with allocation of processes to tasks Signup and view all the answers

In multitasking paradigms related to cross talk, what causes interference between tasks?

Similar sensory information and response modalities Signup and view all the answers

What is required for postural control according to the text?

Attentional resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of demands of task coordination by executive control processes in dual-task costs?

Decreased performance on primary task Signup and view all the answers

According to William James, what is attention?

The selective focusing on one stimulus out of many Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for detecting stimulus signals for focal processing in the anterior attentional system?

Anterior Cingulate Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Ascending arousal system in attention?

Maintaining alertness and vigilance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attention involves fast, reflexive eye or gaze movements?

Overt attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Spatial-cueing' paradigm mainly associated with?

Selective spatial attention Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Spatial-cueing' paradigm, what does the 'Disengage' mechanism refer to?

'Disengage' from ipsilateral cue Signup and view all the answers

'Zoom lens' of attentional spotlight is associated with which paradigm?

'Flanker'-paradigm Signup and view all the answers

What does the Anterior attentional system primarily focus on?

Cognitive control Signup and view all the answers

'Spatial-cueing/priming' is an example of which type of attention?

'Covert' attention Signup and view all the answers

What does the Posterior attentional system (orienting) primarily focus on?

Orienting to visual locations Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Electromyography and Kinematic Data

Electromyography (EMG) is used to assess muscle activity, helping to understand neuromuscular function.
Kinematic data collection excludes technologies like MRI scans, which do not capture motion analysis directly.

Standing Kinetics

Inverse Center of Pressure (CoP) calculation is essential when assessing balance and stability during static or dynamic postures.

EMG Signal Processing

Linear envelope processing of EMG signals involves smoothing and rectifying raw EMG data to evaluate muscle activation patterns.

Force and Motion Calculation

Inverse dynamics, utilizing techniques such as force plates, calculates forces, moments, energies, and powers related to movement and biomechanics.

Angular Velocity

Angular velocity measures the rate of rotation of a body segment in two planes, assessing motion dynamics during activities like walking or running.

Multitasking Paradigms

General assumptions in multitasking paradigms suggest that individuals share cognitive resources, affecting performance levels.
Dual-task costs are indicated by process interference, showing the burden on shared cognitive resources.

Task Switching

Task switching in multitasking paradigms focuses on the cognitive shifts and the time taken to switch attention between different tasks.

Cross Talk in Multitasking

Cross talk causes interference between tasks when one task negatively affects the performance of another due to overlapping cognitive resources.

Postural Control

Effective postural control requires integration of sensory information, motor outputs, and the ability to adapt to environmental changes.

Executive Control Processes

High demands on executive control processes for coordinating tasks result in increased dual-task costs and potential performance decrements.

Attention According to William James

Attention is defined by William James as the ability to focus on specific stimuli while disregarding others.

Brain Regions and Attention

The anterior attentional system's focal processing is centered in the prefrontal cortex, responsible for higher-order decision-making and focus.

Arousal in Attention

The Ascending Arousal System is crucial for regulating alertness and overall awareness, influencing the readiness for attention shifts.

Types of Attention

Reflexive attention involves rapid, involuntary eye or gaze movements that direct focus quickly to salient stimuli.

Spatial-Cueing Paradigm

The 'Spatial-cueing' paradigm is mainly associated with investigating how cues direct attention and improve processing speed for targets.

Disengage Mechanism

In the 'Spatial-cueing' paradigm, the 'Disengage' mechanism refers to the cognitive process of shifting attention away from one stimulus to another.

Attention Spotlight

The 'Zoom lens' concept in attention is linked to the ability to adjust the focus of attention, encompassing either broad or narrow areas.

Anterior Attentional System

Primarily focused on high-level executive functions, the Anterior attentional system manages goal-directed tasks and decision-making processes.

Spatial-Cueing/Prying Attention

'Spatial-cueing/priming' represents a top-down form of attention, priming the brain's response to expected stimuli.

Posterior Attentional System

The Posterior attentional system, or orienting system, primarily concentrates on directing sensory attention to environmental inputs.

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Description

Explore the relationship between kinematic, kinetic, and anthropometric data to calculate forces, moments, energies, and powers using inverse solutions as outlined in Winter's (2009) work. Understand the types of force plates used in standing, with possibilities of direct and inverse Center of Pressure (CoP) calculations. Learn about techniques like strain gauge, piezoelectric sensors, capacitance gauge, and piezoresistive for accurate measurements.