Introduction to Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
It explores the diversity of life forms, from molecules to ecosystems.

Molecules: basic building blocks of life (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids)
Cells: basic structural and functional units of life
Tissues: groups of similar cells performing specific functions
Organs: structures composed of multiple tissues performing specific functions
Organ Systems: groups of organs working together to maintain homeostasis
Organisms: individual living entities (e.g., humans, plants, animals)
Populations: groups of individuals of the same species
Communities: groups of different species interacting in a specific area
Ecosystems: interactions between living and non-living components in a specific area
Biosphere: global sum of all ecosystems on Earth

Homeostasis: maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes
Adaptation: process by which organisms adjust to their environment
Evolution: change in species over time through natural selection and genetic drift
Photosynthesis: process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy
Cellular Respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose

Carbohydrates: provide energy and structural support
Proteins: perform various functions (e.g., enzymes, hormones, structural components)
Nucleic Acids: store and transmit genetic information (DNA, RNA)
Lipids: provide energy, structural support, and aid in cellular processes

Biology studies life, including the structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy of organisms.
It encompasses the diversity of life from molecular levels to entire ecosystems.

Botany focuses on plant life and processes.
Zoology investigates animal life and behavior.
Microbiology centers on microscopic organisms, including bacteria and viruses.
Ecology examines interactions between organisms and their non-living environment.
Genetics explores heredity, genetic variation, and the role of genes in living organisms.
Biochemistry analyzes chemical processes and substances within living organisms.
Biophysics applies physical principles to biological systems.
Molecular Biology studies the molecular mechanisms of biological processes and interactions.

Molecules are the fundamental units of life, including proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life, capable of performing all essential life processes.
Tissues are specialized groups of similar cells that serve specific functions within organisms.
Organs are complex structures formed by different tissues working together to perform specific functions.
Organ Systems consist of groups of organs that collaborate to maintain homeostasis and support the organism's life processes.
Organisms refer to individual living entities like humans, plants, and animals.
Populations consist of groups of individuals from the same species living in a specific area.
Communities comprise different species interacting in a shared environment.
Ecosystems involve the relationships between living organisms and their physical environment.
The Biosphere represents the global sum of all ecosystems on Earth, supporting life.

Homeostasis is vital for maintaining a stable internal environment despite external fluctuations.
Adaptation allows organisms to modify their behaviors and traits in response to environmental changes.
Evolution signifies the gradual change of species over time, driven by natural selection and genetic drift.
Photosynthesis enables plants to convert sunlight into chemical energy, supporting life on Earth.
Cellular Respiration is the process through which cells extract energy from glucose for metabolic activities.

Carbohydrates are essential for energy provision and offering structural support to cells.
Proteins have diverse functions, including serving as enzymes, hormones, and structural components.
Nucleic Acids, such as DNA and RNA, are critical for storing and transmitting genetic information.
Lipids play roles in energy storage, structural integrity of cell membranes, and facilitation of cellular processes.