Introduction to Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
It explores the diversity of life, from molecules to ecosystems, and examines the interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Botany: study of plants and their interactions with the environment
Zoology: study of animals and their interactions with the environment
Microbiology: study of microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses
Ecology: study of the relationships between organisms and their environment
Genetics: study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation
Biochemistry: study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms
Molecular Biology: study of the structure and function of biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins

Cells are the basic units of life, and all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cell membrane: surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and leaves
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic reactions occur
Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell growth and reproduction
Mitochondria: generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Organelles: specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions

Evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over time through the process of natural selection.
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection states that organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Fossil record: provides evidence of evolutionary changes over time
Comparative anatomy and embryology: provide evidence of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Ecosystems: communities of living and non-living components (biotic and abiotic factors) that interact with each other.
Biotic factors: living components, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms
Abiotic factors: non-living components, such as light, temperature, and water
Food chains and food webs: represent the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems
Energy pyramid: shows the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms, covering structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
It explores the diversity of life, from molecules to ecosystems, and examines interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Botany involves the study of plants and their interactions with the environment.
Zoology involves the study of animals and their interactions with the environment.
Microbiology involves the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses.
Ecology involves the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.
Genetics involves the study of heredity, genes, and genetic variation.
Biochemistry involves the study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Molecular Biology involves the study of the structure and function of biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins.

Cells are the basic units of life, and all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and leaves.
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic reactions occur.
The nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell growth and reproduction.
Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Organelles are specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions.

Evolution is the change in characteristics of a species over time through natural selection.
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection states that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
The fossil record provides evidence of evolutionary changes over time.
Comparative anatomy and embryology provide evidence of evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Ecosystems are communities of living and non-living components (biotic and abiotic factors) that interact with each other.
Biotic factors include living components, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Abiotic factors include non-living components, such as light, temperature, and water.
Food chains and food webs represent the flow of energy and nutrients through ecosystems.
The energy pyramid shows the energy available at each trophic level in an ecosystem.