Introduction to Biology
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What defines the specific function of a protein?

  • The presence of strong chemical bonds
  • The number of amino acids it contains
  • The specific three-dimensional shape it adopts (correct)
  • The type of chemical reactions it can catalyze

What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

  • It is consumed during the reaction
  • It acts as a reactant that produces products
  • It changes the reactants into different substances
  • It lowers the activation energy without being altered (correct)

What happens to the shape of a protein when exposed to extreme temperatures or pH levels?

  • It enhances its binding capacity
  • It becomes stronger and more stable
  • It increases its catalytic activity
  • It undergoes denaturation and loses its functional conformation (correct)

Which statement best describes an enzyme's active site?

<p>The specific region tailored for substrate binding and catalysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do enzymes contribute to biochemical reactions?

<p>They function as biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a substrate in an enzyme's function?

<p>It binds to the enzyme's active site and is transformed into products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the starting substances in a chemical reaction?

<p>Reactants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description best represents a biological catalyst?

<p>An enzyme that speeds up reactions without being altered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a pH value below 7 indicate about a solution?

<p>The solution is acidic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is formed by the combination of two monosaccharides?

<p>Maltose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of glycogen?

<p>Energy storage in animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of lipids?

<p>They are generally non-polar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate provides structural support in plant cells?

<p>Cellulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural characteristic of steroids?

<p>They have a four-ring structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do chloroplasts perform in plant cells?

<p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes triglycerides from other lipids?

<p>They are composed of three fatty acid chains. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for organizing microtubules during cell division in animal cells?

<p>Centriole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the cell wall is true?

<p>It is a rigid outer layer in some organisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do organelles collaborate to produce and export proteins?

<p>The Golgi apparatus carries proteins to the plasma membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are unique to plant cells that are not present in animal cells?

<p>Chloroplasts and cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core structure of the plasma membrane composed of?

<p>Phospholipid bilayer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the plasma membrane primarily functions in transport and structural support?

<p>Membrane proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from animal and plant cells?

<p>No nucleus and fewer organelles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components make up a nucleotide?

<p>Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does ATP play in cellular processes?

<p>It powers cellular processes as an energy carrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the difference between DNA and RNA?

<p>DNA stores genetic information, RNA transmits this information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ATP when it releases energy for cellular functions?

<p>It loses one phosphate group and becomes ADP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

<p>Uracil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nucleic acids transmit genetic information?

<p>By encoding instructions in DNA that is then transcribed into RNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes the structural foundation of cell membranes?

<p>Phospholipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleotides?

<p>Directly encode information in proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do decomposers play in an ecosystem?

<p>They break down dead matter and recycle nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes protons?

<p>They have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about neutrons is true?

<p>They help stabilize the nucleus by counteracting proton repulsion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of electrons in an atom?

<p>In the electron cloud or orbitals surrounding the nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of protons in an atom determine its identity?

<p>It determines the type of element represented. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct relationship between atomic mass and neutrons?

<p>Atomic mass is the atomic number plus the number of neutrons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following levels is NOT a part of the trophic level pyramid?

<p>Energy magnifiers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall structure of a trophic level pyramid?

<p>A hierarchical structure with primary producers at the base. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Absence of a membrane-bound nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?

<p>Ribosome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Modify, sort, and package proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the central vacuole serve in plant cells?

<p>Store water, nutrients, and waste products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about mitochondria is FALSE?

<p>They are involved in protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid production?

<p>Smooth ER (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

<p>Regulating movement of substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular process primarily occurs within the cytoplasm?

<p>Protein synthesis and metabolic reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Decomposers

Organisms, like fungi and bacteria, that break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil for producers to use.

Trophic Level Pyramid

A diagram showing how energy flows through an ecosystem, starting with producers and moving through different levels of consumers.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom, determining what element it is.

Atomic Mass

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neutrons

Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in an electron cloud.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

pH Scale

A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Values below 7 indicate acids (more H+), values above 7 indicate bases (more OH-), and 7 is neutral.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monosaccharide

A simple form of carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar unit, serving as an energy source. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Disaccharide

Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond. Examples include sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (glucose + glucose).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glycogen

A polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals, primarily stored in the liver and muscles. Serves as a quick energy source when needed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellulose

A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plant cell walls, giving strength and rigidity to plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chitin

A polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and insects, and in the cell walls of fungi. Provides structural support and protection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lipids

A type of organic compound that is hydrophobic, meaning they do not dissolve in water. They are characterized by having long carbon-hydrogen chains or rings with fewer oxygen atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steroids

Lipids with a four-ring structure that regulate biological processes and maintain cell membrane integrity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a chemical reaction?

A process that transforms substances called reactants into products by breaking and forming chemical bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are reactants?

Starting substances in a chemical reaction that change to form products.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are products?

Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction after reactants transform.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a catalyst?

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a substrate?

The specific molecule that an enzyme acts upon in a biochemical reaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How can the shape of a protein change?

Extreme temperatures or pH levels can disrupt the weak bonds holding a protein's structure, causing it to lose its functional shape, thus affecting its function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. It's tailored to fit the substrate, enabling the enzyme to catalyze the reaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are phospholipids?

A type of lipid composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. They form the structural basis of cell membranes, creating a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does DNA do?

DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information within a cell. It acts as the blueprint for all genetic instructions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is RNA's role?

RNA is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is ATP's purpose?

ATP is an energy carrier molecule with three phosphate groups. It powers cellular processes by breaking down its high-energy bonds, releasing energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a nucleotide?

A nucleotide is the building block of nucleic acids. It consists of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are nitrogenous bases?

The nitrogenous base in a nucleotide can be adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil. These bases pair specifically in DNA or RNA, forming the genetic code.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the phosphate group's role?

The phosphate group in a nucleotide forms the backbone of nucleic acids. It plays a crucial role in linking nucleotides together in chains.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does DNA and RNA work together?

Nucleic acids store and transmit information by encoding genetic instructions in DNA, which is transcribed into RNA, and then translated into proteins. These proteins carry out essential cellular functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell wall

A rigid outer layer found in plant cells and some bacteria that provides structure, support, and protection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments that provides support, aids in movement, and helps with the organization of internal structures within a cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Centrioles

Cylindrical structures found in animal cells that organize microtubules during cell division. They help pull chromosomes apart.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the nucleus?

The cell's 'control center'. It contains DNA, which provides instructions for making proteins, and other important cell functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ribosomes

Small organelles that manufacture proteins using instructions from DNA.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A network of interconnected membranes that helps in the synthesis and transport of proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened sacs that sorts, packages, and modifies proteins before sending them to their final destinations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are vesicles?

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell, like a delivery truck.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the key characteristic of a prokaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cells are simple, single-celled organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus. They contain a nucleoid region with DNA, ribosomes, a plasma membrane, and often a cell wall. Some prokaryotes have flagella or pili for movement and attachment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What distinguishes a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotes and have a membrane-bound nucleus, which contains the cell's genetic material (DNA). They also have specialized organelles, such as mitochondria for energy production and the endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis, which perform specific functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the role of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell. They translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acid sequences, assembling proteins according to the genetic code.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that serves as a transport system and plays a key role in protein and lipid synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus is like a processing and packaging center. It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or transport to other organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They generate ATP through cellular respiration using glucose as fuel, producing energy for the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the function of lysosomes?

Lysosomes are like the recycling centers and garbage disposals of the cell. They contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Introduction to Biology

  • Being alive means exhibiting characteristics like metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and the ability to evolve.
  • Students organize biological levels from atoms to biosphere (atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere).

Process of Science

  • A scientific theory is a well-supported explanation of natural phenomena, repeatedly tested and supported by observations and experiments.
  • Scientific protocols involve observation, questioning, hypothesis formation, variable identification (independent and dependent), and controlled variables. Control trials provide a baseline comparison. Data collection includes recordings of measurements. Subsequent analysis leads to conclusions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

First Semester Biology Study Guide 2024 PDF

Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology, including the characteristics of living organisms and the organization of biological levels from atoms to the biosphere. It also explores the scientific process, including the development of scientific theories and experimental protocols. Test your understanding of these key ideas in biology!

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser