Introduction to Biology Lecture 1

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Questions and Answers

Which domain contains organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

  • Archaea
  • Eukaryota
  • Eubacteria (correct)
  • Protista

Which of the following is NOT a criterion used for classifying living organisms?

  • Ability to reproduce sexually or asexually (correct)
  • Presence of a nucleus
  • Body design (single-celled or multicellular)
  • Level of organization in organisms carrying out photosynthesis

What is the primary reason for classifying organisms based on their DNA and RNA?

  • To classify them based on their morphology
  • To identify the presence of specific genes
  • To determine their ecological niche
  • To understand their evolutionary relationships (correct)

Which of the following statements is TRUE about archaea?

<p>They are more closely related to bacteria than eukaryotes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a kingdom within the Eukaryota domain?

<p>Prokaryota (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes Euglenoids from other protists?

<p>They possess a protein-rich layer called a pellicle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these groups of organisms are NOT considered part of Kingdom Protista?

<p>Fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of nutrition for organisms classified under Kingdom Fungi?

<p>Saprophytic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these features is NOT common to both Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Fungi?

<p>Autotrophic mode of nutrition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Kingdom Animalia?

<p>Presence of a cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural component is unique to the hyphae of Kingdom Fungi?

<p>Septae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, which protist group is characterized by its photosynthetic abilities and diverse colors?

<p>Dinoflagellates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the organisms classified under 'Thallophyta'?

<p>They are non-vascular plants with a simple body structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between Archaea and Eubacteria?

<p>Archaea are typically found in extreme environments, while Eubacteria are more common in everyday environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacterial shapes is NOT mentioned in the text?

<p>Tetracoccus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the classification hierarchy levels of 'Kingdom' and 'Species'?

<p>Kingdom encompasses a broader range of organisms than Species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the 'Monera' kingdom?

<p>Monera contains both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria?

<p>Autotrophic bacteria obtain energy from sunlight, while heterotrophic bacteria obtain energy from organic compounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is characterized by unicellular, eukaryotic organisms, capable of both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition?

<p>Protista (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the classification hierarchy, which category is immediately broader than 'Order'?

<p>Class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?

<p>They possess a cell wall made of chitin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following accurately describes a key characteristic of organisms classified within the Phylum Chordata?

<p>Presence of a flexible rod supporting the dorsal region of the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a newly discovered animal has a segmented body, jointed legs, and an external skeleton, which Phylum would it most likely belong to?

<p>Arthropoda (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, which animal species belongs to the same Order as the Blue Whale?

<p>Housefly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the taxonomic classification of the Tilapia, starting with the highest level and progressing to the most specific?

<p>Animalia, Chordata, Actinopterygii, Cichliformes, Cichlidae, Tilapia, sparrmani (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is unique to organisms belonging to the Class Mammalia?

<p>Presence of mammary glands for producing milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Family and Genus in biological classification?

<p>A Genus includes multiple species within a Family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what is the scientific name for the Duck?

<p>Anas platyrhynchos (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of Sweat glands and Oil glands in the Class Mammalia?

<p>They assist in regulating body temperature and maintaining skin health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these domains contains organisms that have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

<p>Eubacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct way to scientifically write the name of a species?

<p>Genus <em>species</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT found in a prokaryotic cell?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus within a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Storage and processing of genetic information for cellular functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on its classification, which of these organisms would be considered the MOST closely related to a Homo sapiens (human)?

<p><em>Pan troglodytes</em> (Chimpanzee) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is binomial nomenclature necessary for classifying organisms?

<p>To avoid confusion by using Latinized names that are universally understood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the plasma membrane play in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>It serves as a barrier between the cell and its environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organelles is directly involved in the production of ATP, but not in the initial breakdown of glucose during glycolysis?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organelles is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins after they have been synthesized by ribosomes on the RER?

<p>Golgi apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures is responsible for providing support and rigidity to a plant cell?

<p>Cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes directly contributes to the synthesis of lysosomes?

<p>Modification of proteins in the Golgi apparatus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the RER directly connected to the nuclear envelope?

<p>To facilitate the transport of newly synthesized proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Comparative Sequencing

The analysis of DNA/RNA from different organisms to determine relatedness.

Eubacteria

A domain of true bacteria, characterized by having a peptidoglycan cell wall and being prokaryotic.

Archaea

A domain consisting of prokaryotic organisms that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls; often extremophiles.

Eukaryota

A domain that includes all organisms with eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus.

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Classification Factors

Criteria to categorize living organisms, including cell structure and food production.

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Kingdom Animalia

The biological classification for all animals.

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Phylum Chordata

Group of animals with a flexible rod supporting their dorsal side.

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Class Mammalia

Mammals with features like mammary glands and fur.

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Phylum Arthropoda

Contains animals with hard exoskeletons and jointed appendages.

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Class Insecta

Insects with segmented bodies and exoskeletons.

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Genus Balaenoptera

Genus that includes the blue whale.

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Family Balaenopteridae

Family that encompasses baleen whales.

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Species Musculus

Species name for the blue whale, the largest animal.

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Domains of Living Things

Three primary classifications: Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota.

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Kingdom Monera

Includes unicellular prokaryotes like Archaebacteria and Eubacteria without a true nucleus.

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Pseudopodia

Temporary projections used by some protists for movement and feeding.

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Prokaryotes

Organisms that lack a true nucleus; includes bacteria.

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Chrysophytes

Group of golden algae including diatoms, found in marine and freshwater.

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Heterotrophic Bacteria

Bacteria that obtain nutrients from organic substances; can be parasitic or saprophytic.

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Dinoflagellates

Photosynthetic marine organisms with varied colors due to cell pigments.

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Autotrophic Bacteria

Bacteria that produce their own food; can be chemosynthetic or photosynthetic.

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Euglenoids

Freshwater organisms with a flexible pellicle instead of a cell wall.

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Types of Bacteria

Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped), Vibrio (comma-shaped), Spirillum (spiral-shaped).

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Slime Moulds

Saprophytic organisms that feed on decaying material, forming plasmodial structures.

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Kingdom Protista

Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms; can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

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Hierarchy of Classification

Levels from broadest to most specific: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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Hyphae

Thread-like structures that make up the body of fungi, forming mycelium.

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Cellulose in Plantae

The complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of plants.

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Heterotrophs in Animalia

Organisms that cannot produce their own food and must consume others.

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Plasma Membrane

A boundary that holds cell contents and controls substance movement.

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Mitochondria

Organelle responsible for ATP production during aerobic respiration.

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Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis, found in plants and some bacteria.

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Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Coated with ribosomes, it aids in protein synthesis and transport.

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Binomial Nomenclature

A system for naming organisms using two Latinized names: genus and species.

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Generic Name

The first part of the binomial name, indicating the genus of an organism, always capitalized.

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Specific Name

The second part of the binomial name that identifies the species, always in lowercase.

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Italicization in Names

Both genus and species names are always italicized or underlined when written.

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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Peptidoglycan

A substance forming the cell wall of Eubacteria, providing structural support.

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Classification of Living Things

The arrangement of organisms into groups based on shared characteristics, often using a hierarchical system.

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Scientific Name Formatting

The proper way to write a scientific name: Genus species, italicized or underlined, with genus capitalized and species lowercase.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Biology

  • This is a course introduction to biology, specifically lecture 1.
  • The lecture focuses on classifications of living things.
  • A hierarchy of classification is used to organize living organisms.

Classification of Living Things

  • Life is organized into a hierarchy—starting with the most inclusive level and progressing to the lowest—starting with Domain and progressively narrows down to Species.
  • The hierarchy goes from broadest to most specific in this order:
    • Life
    • Domain
    • Kingdom
    • Phylum
    • Class
    • Order
    • Family
    • Genus
    • Species

Kingdom Animalia

  • A table lists the common names (e.g., Blue Whale), phylum (e.g., Chordata), class (e.g., Mammalia), order (e.g., Cetacea), family (e.g., Balaenopteridae), genus (e.g., Balaenoptera), and species (e.g., musculus) for several animals (e.g., Blue Whale, Tilapia, Duck, Housefly, Gorilla, and Human).
  • Multiple tables provide variations of the above information, reflecting correct classifications for the listed animals according to the Kingdom Animalia grouping.

Phylum Chordata

  • This phylum contains animals with a dorsal rod.
  • The mammalian class, for example, is characterized by mammary glands for feeding young, a neocortex region in the brain, fur or hair, and glands (oil and sweat) on the skin.

Phylum Arthropoda (Insects)

  • Contains a wide variety of animals with hard exoskeletons.
  • Insects have segmented bodies, jointed legs, and external skeletons.

Domains

  • Three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
  • Kingdoms such as Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista align with these domains.

Questions for Classification

  • Questions are presented regarding domains, the role of peptidoglycan, formatting scientific names, the most reliable classification method and aspects of organisms.

Classification by Domains

  • Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota are the three domains.
  • Eubacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic (no nucleus).
  • Eukaryota domain includes all eukaryotic organisms; there are four kingdoms that fall under this domain

Classification by Kingdom

  • The kingdoms covered include Monera (which includes Archaebacteria and Eubacteria), Protista (e.g., amoeba, Paramecium), Fungi (e.g., yeast, mushrooms), Plantae (e.g., pines, ferns, mangoes), Animalia (e.g., earthworms, Hydra).

Binomial Nomenclature

  • A system used to name organisms scientifically.
  • Each organism is given two names: genus and species.
  • Genus name is capitalized, specific is lowercase, and both are italicized.

Cell Structure

  • Cells have a nucleus that contains DNA, controlling cell activities and associated with histone proteins.
  • The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer containing proteins and cholesterol, playing a role in membrane fluidity, and regulating substance movement into and out of the cell.

Cell Organelles

  • Mitochondria, involved in aerobic respiration, produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
  • Chloroplasts, responsible for photosynthesis, are enclosed by a double membrane and found in most plant cells and some other photosynthetic organisms.
  • Cell walls, which are rigid structures composed of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in some fungi), and murein (in prokaryotes), support cells.
  • Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus are involved in protein synthesis, modification, and transport.

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Biology Lecture Notes - Introduction to Diversity and Classification (PDF)

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