Introduction to Biology: Classification Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following methods is considered the most reliable for determining the relatedness of living things?

  • Classification of living things based on factors like the presence of a nucleus or body design
  • Comparative sequencing of genetic material (DNA & RNA) among organisms (correct)
  • Similarity of anatomy / physiology due to shared ancestry

Archaea are classified as eukaryotes because they lack a nucleus.

False (B)

What are the four kingdoms that fall under the domain Eukaryota?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

The presence of a ______ is one of the key characteristics used to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Eubacteria = Prokaryotic organisms with a peptidoglycan cell wall Archaea = Prokaryotic organisms that were initially thought to be bacteria but have distinct characteristics Eukaryota = Organisms with a nucleus, including protists, fungi, plants, and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum does the Blue Whale belong to?

<p>Chordata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The class Insecta belongs to the phylum Chordata.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific name for the housefly?

<p>Musca domestica</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mammals are characterized by the presence of ______-producing mammary glands for feeding their young.

<p>milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following animals with their respective classes:

<p>Blue Whale = Mammalia Tilapia = Actinopterygii Duck = Aves Housefly = Insecta Gorilla = Mammalia Human = Mammalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of mammals?

<p>Exoskeletons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the flexible rod supporting the dorsal side of animals in the phylum Chordata?

<p>To provide support and structure to the animal's body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The class Mammalia includes all animals that have hair or fur.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of organisms in the domain Archaea?

<p>They are all heterotrophic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria are all harmful to humans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cell wall found in bacteria, composed of amino acids and polysaccharides?

<p>Peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms in the domain ____ contain a nucleus within their cells.

<p>Eukaryota</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of bacteria with their corresponding shapes:

<p>Coccus = Spherical Bacillus = Rod-shaped Vibrio = Comma-shaped Spirillum = Spiral-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protists?

<p>Always autotrophic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kingdom Monera includes both archaebacteria and eubacteria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of organisms included in the kingdom Monera?

<p>Archaebacteria and Eubacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organisms with their respective taxonomic classifications:

<p>Human = Homo sapiens Gorilla = Gorilla gorilla Duck = Anas platyrhynchos Housefly = Musca domestica Tilapia = Tilapia sparrmani Blue Whale = Balaenoptera musculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification level used in the organization of living things?

<p>Kind (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientific name for a human is Homo sapiens.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The classification system used to group organisms based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships is called ______.

<p>taxonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main sources of information used to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms?

<p>Fossil record and Comparative homologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms belongs to the same family as a human?

<p>Gorilla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans and Gorillas belong to the same genus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific name for a Tilapia?

<p>Tilapia sparrmani</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for the synthesis of ATP during aerobic respiration?

<p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell wall is a rigid structure found in all types of cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

<p>The RER facilitates protein synthesis by providing a large surface area for ribosomes and then transports the newly synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus for modification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Golgi apparatus is involved in the ______ of proteins and lipids.

<p>modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell organelles with their primary functions:

<p>Mitochondria = Site of ATP production during aerobic respiration Chloroplasts = Site of photosynthesis Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) = Facilitates protein synthesis and transport Golgi apparatus = Modifies and packages proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a rule of binomial nomenclature?

<p>The scientific name is always written in English. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The domain Archaea contains organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>The nucleus contains DNA, which controls the cell's activities by providing the genetic instructions for making proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientific name of an organism is composed of two parts: the ______ name and the ______ name.

<p>genus, species</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell components with their primary functions:

<p>Plasma membrane = Regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell. Nucleus = Contains DNA, which controls cell activities Chromatin = DNA associated with histone proteins, forming chromosomes Cholesterol = Regulates membrane fluidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a prokaryotic domain?

<p>Archaea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scientific name Homo sapiens is correctly written according to the rules of binomial nomenclature.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

<p>Chromatin is the relaxed form of DNA within the nucleus, while chromosomes are the condensed, tightly packed form of DNA that becomes visible during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Shared ancestry

Similarity of anatomy and physiology among organisms due to common ancestors.

Comparative sequencing

Method of comparing genetic material (DNA & RNA) to understand evolutionary relationships.

Eubacteria

True bacteria that are prokaryotic and have a peptidoglycan cell wall.

Archaea

Prokaryotic organisms that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and include extremophiles.

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Eukaryota

Domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms, with varied kingdoms like Protista and Animalia.

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Kingdom Animalia

The primary taxonomic rank for all animal species.

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Phylum Chordata

A grouping of animals with a notochord, which includes vertebrates.

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Class Mammalia

A class within Phylum Chordata, characterized by mammary glands and fur/hair.

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Order Primates

An order within Class Mammalia that includes humans, monkeys, and apes.

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Family Hominidae

A family in the order Primates that includes great apes and humans.

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Genus Homo

A genus that includes modern humans and closely related species.

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Species Homo sapiens

The scientific name for modern humans.

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Biological Classification

A system that organizes living organisms based on evolutionary relationships.

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Order Cetacea

Order of marine mammals including whales and dolphins.

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Genus Balaenoptera

Genus that includes the blue whale.

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Phylum Arthropoda

Group of animals with exoskeletons and jointed legs.

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Class Insecta

Class of animals with segmented bodies and exoskeletons.

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Family Cichlidae

Family of fish including tilapia.

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Plasma membrane

A barrier that holds cell contents and regulates substance movement.

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Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for ATP production through aerobic respiration, featuring cristae for increased surface area.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plants that conduct photosynthesis, containing thylakoids stacked in grana.

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

An extension of the nuclear envelope with ribosomes that aids in protein synthesis and transport.

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Golgi apparatus

A structure that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids received from the RER and SER.

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Binomial Nomenclature

A two-part naming system for organisms developed by Carolus Linnaeus.

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Generic Name

The first part of a scientific name, representing the genus.

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Specific Name

The second part of a scientific name, indicating the species.

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Italicization Rule

Both genus and species names must be italicized or underlined.

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Prokaryotic Domains

Domains that include single-celled organisms without a nucleus: Eubacteria and Archaea.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles, found in organisms like humans and plants.

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Peptidoglycan

A substance forming the cell wall of eubacteria, providing structural support.

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Membrane Structure

Plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol for fluidity.

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Classification of Living Things

Systematic categorization of organisms by domain and kingdom.

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Domain Archaea

Group of prokaryotic organisms that are similar to bacteria but evolutionarily distinct.

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Domain Eubacteria

Prokaryotic organisms often referred to as true bacteria, characterized by peptidoglycan cell walls.

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Domain Eukaryota

Organisms with membrane-bound nuclei, including plants, animals, and fungi.

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Kingdom Monera

Prokaryotic microorganisms, including Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, typically unicellular.

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Types of Bacteria

Bacteria classified by shape: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod), vibrio (comma), spirillum (spiral).

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Heterotrophic Bacteria

Bacteria that obtain nutrients by consuming organic matter; may be parasitic or saprophytic.

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Kingdom Protista

Unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Biology

  • This is a lecture on the introduction to biology.
  • This introduction covers the classification of living things.

Classification of Living Things

  • Life is organized into a hierarchical structure
  • The hierarchy includes: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Kingdom Animalia

  • A table lists the classification of various organisms: Blue Whale, Tilapia, Duck, Housefly, Gorilla, Human
  • The table shows common name, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species for each organism.
  • Examples of scientific names given in the table: Balaenoptera musculus, Tilapia sparrmani, Anas platyrhynchos, Musca domestica, Gorilla gorilla, Homo sapiens

Classification of Living Things by Domain

  • There are three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
  • The presentation includes information about the characteristics of each domain and a diagram showcasing the relationship between the domains and six-kingdom classification

Classification by Kingdom

  • The diagram also shows the five kingdoms, which are Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Protista, and Plantae.
  • There are also five kingdoms of life; Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

Binomial Nomenclature

  • A system for naming organisms using two names; a genus and species name.
  • Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus created this system in the 1700s.
  • The presentation includes the three rules for correctly applying this naming system

Questions

  • The presentation presents several multiple-choice questions about the material covered in the lectures.

Cell Structure

  • The nucleus holds DNA, which is the control center of the cell.
  • DNA and supporting proteins form chromosomes within the nucleus.
  • The plasma membrane forms the cell's outer boundary.
  •   It's a phospholipid bilayer, with special proteins for transporting substances and cholesterol for membrane fluidity.

Cell Organelles

  • Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production during respiration.
  •   Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells.
  •   The cell wall provides structural support.
  • Material and types for the cell wall differs between Cell Types.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus

  • The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) modifies proteins.
  • The Golgi Apparatus modifies and packages substances.

Similarities

  • The assignment asks for four similarities among all cells.

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Biology Lecture Notes - Introduction to Diversity and Classification (PDF)

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