Biology Lecture Notes - Introduction to Diversity and Classification (PDF)

Introduction to Biology BIO 101_LECTURE 1 1 Classification of Living things 2 KINGDOM ANIMALIA Common Name Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Blue Whale Tilapia Duck Housefly Gorilla H...

Introduction to Biology BIO 101_LECTURE 1 1 Classification of Living things 2 KINGDOM ANIMALIA Common Name Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Blue Whale Tilapia Duck Housefly Gorilla Human KINGDOM ANIMALIA Common Name Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Blue Whale Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus Tilapia Duck Housefly Gorilla Human KINGDOM ANIMALIA Common Name Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Blue Whale Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus Tilapia Chordata Actinopterygii Cichliformes Cichlidae Tilapia sparrmani Duck Housefly Gorilla Human Phylum Chordata - consists of animals with a flexible rod supporting their dorsal or back sides Class Mammalia - Mammals are characterized by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, Sweat glands and oil glands are found on the skin KINGDOM ANIMALIA Common Name Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Blue Whale Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus Tilapia Chordata Actinopterygii Cichliformes Cichlidae Tilapia sparrmani Duck Chordata Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos Housefly Gorilla Human KINGDOM ANIMALIA Common Name Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Blue Whale Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus Tilapia Chordata Actinopterygii Cichliformes Cichlidae Tilapia sparrmani Duck Chordata Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos Housefly Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Muscidae Musca domestica Gorilla Human Phylum Arthropda - contains a wide diversity of animals with hard exoskeletons and jointed appendages Class insecta - Insects have segmented bodies, jointed legs, and external skeletons (exoskeletons). KINGDOM ANIMALIA Common Name Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Blue Whale Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus Tilapia Chordata Actinopterygii Cichliformes Cichlidae Tilapia sparrmani Duck Chordata Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos Housefly Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Muscidae Musca domestica Gorilla Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Gorilla gorilla Human KINGDOM ANIMALIA Common Name Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Blue Whale Chordata Mammalia Cetacea Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera musculus Tilapia Chordata Actinopterygii Cichliformes Cichlidae Tilapia sparrmani Duck Chordata Aves Anseriformes Anatidae Anas platyrhynchos Housefly Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Muscidae Musca domestica Gorilla Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Gorilla gorilla Human Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens  DOMAIN Human Gorilla Amoeba Duck Snake Earthworm Tree Fish Butterfly Eukarya KINGDOM Human Gorilla Duck Snake Earthworm Fish Butterfly ANIMALIA PHYLUM Human Gorilla Duck Snake Fish CHORDATA CLASS Human Gorilla MAMMALIA ORDER Human Gorilla PRIMATES FAMILY Human Gorilla HOMINIDAE GENUS Human HOMO SPECIES Sapien 12 Homo sapien  Classification of Living things Biological classification provides meaningful groupings of organisms based on evolutionary relationships, their similarities and differences How do we learn which organisms are most closely related ▪ Fossil record ▪ Comparative homologies. Similarity of anatomy / physiology due to shared ancestry ▪ Comparative sequencing of genetic material (DNA & RNA) among organisms Which of these three methods do you think is most reliable in helping us understand the “relatedness” of living things? 13 Classification of Living things Classification can be carried out based on many factors including ▪ Presence of nucleus ▪ Body design – make up of cells (Single-celled or Multicellular organisms) ▪ Production of food ▪ Level of the organization in bodies of organisms carrying out photosynthesis ▪ In animals – an organization of one’s body parts, development of body, specialized organs for different functions 14 Classification of Living things 15  Classification of Living things by Domains Three Domains Eubacteria ▪ True bacteria Eubacteria Archaea Eukaryota ▪ Prokaryotes (no nucleus) ▪ Peptidoglycan cell wall Eg. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli Archaea ▪ Were thought to be same as Bacteria ▪ Cell wall do not have peptidoglycan ▪ Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Eg. Extremophiles Eukaryota - All eukaryotic organisms. Fall into 4 Kingdoms: Protista – Ex. algae Fungi – Ex. mushroom Plantae – Ex. Maple tree 17 Animalia – Ex. you Classification of Living things by Domain Archaea Eubacteria Eukaryota Similar to, but evolutionarily distinct There are 100 trillion good bacteria organisms that contain a nucleus from bacteria living in your body right now within their cells Methanogens Streptococcus pneumoniae Plants Extreme halophiles Lactobacillus Animals Extreme thermophiles Escherichia Coli Fungi Chlamydia Trachomatis 18 Staphylococcus Aureus Classification of Living things by Kingdom Monera 19 Classification of Living things by Kingdom Hierarchy of Classification ▪Kingdom ▪Phylum ▪Class ▪Order ▪Family ▪Genus ▪Species 20 Classification of Living things by Kingdom Kingdom Monera Types Archaebacteria and Eubacteria ▪ Coccus (pl.: cocci) – These bacteria ▪ These are unicellular prokaryotes are spherical in shape ▪ They lack a true nucleus ▪ Bacillus (pl.: bacilli) – These bacteria ▪ They may be heterotrophic or autotrophic are rod-shaped ▪ Bacteria occur everywhere and they are microscopic in ▪ Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) – These bacteria nature. are comma-shaped bacteria ▪ They possess a cell wall composed of amino acids and ▪ Spirillum (pl.: spirilla) – These polysaccharides. (Peptidoglycan for bacteria) bacteria are spiral-shaped bacteria ▪ The heterotrophic bacteria can be parasitic or saprophytic. The autotrophic bacteria can be chemosynthetic or photosynthetic ▪ For eg., Bacteria, Cyanobacteria 21  Classification of Living things by Kingdom Kingdom Protista ▪ These are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms. ▪ They exhibit an autotrophic or heterotrophic mode of nutrition. ▪ They possess pseudopodia, cilia, flagella for locomotion. ▪ For eg., amoeba, paramaecium Sub-group ▪ Chrysophytes: The golden algae (desmids) and diatoms fall under this group. They are found in marine and freshwater habitats. ▪ Dinoflagellates: They are usually photosynthetic and marine. The colour they appear is dependent on the key pigments in their cells; they appear red, blue, brown, green or yellow. ▪ Euglenoids: Most of them live in freshwater habitation in motionless water. The cell wall is absent in them, instead, there is a protein-rich layer called a pellicle. ▪ Slime Moulds: These are saprophytic. The body moves along putrefying leaves and twigs and nourishes itself on organic material. Under favourable surroundings, they form an accumulation and were called Plasmodial slime moulds. ▪ Protozoans: They are heterotrophs and survive either as parasites or predators. 22 Classification of Living things by Kingdom Kingdom Protista 23 Classification of Living things by Kingdom Kingdom Fungi ▪ These are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. ▪ They exhibit a saprophytic mode of nutrition ▪ Their figure comprises slender, long thread-like constructions called hyphae. The web of hyphae is called mycelium. The other type of hyphae has cross-walls or septae. ▪ The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin. ▪ Most of the fungi are saprophytes and are heterotrophic. ▪ For eg., Yeast, Aspergillus, Mushrooms 24 Classification of Living things by Kingdom Kingdom Fungi 25 Classification of Living things by Kingdom Kingdom Plantae ▪ These are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. ▪ The cell wall is made up of cellulose. ▪ They prepare their own food by means of photosynthesis. ▪ Kingdom Plantae is sub-divided into- Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms. ▪ For eg., Pines, ferns, Mango tree 26 Classification of Living things by Kingdom Kingdom Animalia ▪ These are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms without a cell wall. ▪ They are heterotrophs. ▪ The organisms in kingdom Animalia can be simple or complex ▪ They are genetically diverse. ▪ They exhibit an organ-system level of organization. ▪ For eg., Earthworms, Hydra, etc. 27  Binomial Nomenclature Binomial nomenclature A system of naming organisms first proposed in the 1700s by Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus. Three rules for binomial nomenclature ▪ Each organism is given two Latinized names: Generic name (genus, pl. genera) Specific name (species) ▪ Genus names are always capitalized; species names are lower case. ▪ Genus and species names are always italicized or underlined when written. Why does everything need to have a name? And why a universally understood name? 28 Binomial Nomenclature 29  Assignment 1 Classification of Living things by Kingdom Examples ORGANISM KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES COVID-19 E. Coli PLASMODIUM YEAST BANANA TREE DOG HUMAN 30 Assignment 2 How do you properly write the generic and specific name of a species (the scientific name) if you are: a. writing it by hand, b. typing it on the computer c. Show examples of how one of these names is written and typed. 31 Questions 1. Which domain is NOT prokaryotic? a. Eubacteria b. Archaea c. Eukaryota 2. Which domain has the molecule peptidoglycan as part of its cell wall structure? a. Eubacteria b. Archaea c. Eukaryota d. Animalia e. Fungi 3. Which example below is the correct way to type a scientific name? a. Genus species b. genus species c. Genus species d. Genus Species 32 Questions 4. Which is most useful in classifying organisms? a. the fossil record b. comparative homologies c. geographic location of organism d. genetic sequencing 5. You, as a human, are a member of which domain? a. Eubacteria b. Archaea c. Eukaryota d. Animalia e. Mammalia 33 Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cell 34 35  Cell Structure ▪ Nucleus - contains DNA which controls the activities of the cell by containing the base sequences (the ‘instructions’ needed to make proteins. The DNA is associated with histone proteins and referred to as chromatin which is wound into structures called chromosomes. ▪ Plasma membrane - consists of a phospholipid bilayer with additional proteins to serve as carriers. It also contains cholesterol to regulate membrane fluidity. The plasma membrane contains the cell contents and holds the cell together, whilst controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell. 36 Cell Structure Cell Organelles ▪ Mitochondria - site of ATP production during aerobic respiration. It is self- replicating so can become numerous in cells with high energy requirements. It contains a double membrane with folds called cristae, which provides a large surface area for respiration. ▪ Chloroplasts - the site of photosynthesis. It is enclosed by a double membrane and has internal thylakoid membranes arranged in stacks to form grana linked by lamellae. These structures are found only in plants and certain types of photosynthesising bacteria or protoctists. ▪ Cell wall - a rigid structure made of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi) and murein (in prokaryotes) which provide support to the cell. 37 Cell Structure Cell Organelles ▪ Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - the RER is an extension of the nuclear envelope and is coated with ribosomes. It facilitates protein synthesis by providing a large surface area for ribosomes. It then transports the newly synthesised proteins to the Golgi apparatus for modification. ▪ Golgi apparatus - made up of a group of fluid-filled membrane-bound flattened sacs surrounded by vesicles. It receives proteins from the RER and lipids from the SER. It modifies the proteins and lipids and repackages them into vesicles. The Golgi apparatus is also the site of lysosome synthesis. 38 Assignment 3 State four similarities of all cells 39