Introduction to Biology and Scientific Method

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An organized approach to problem-solving in science.

The first step of the Scientific Method where a specific question is formulated.

Gaining background information on the topic of investigation.

A predicted answer to the question based on research, often using 'If...then...' format.

The process of testing the hypothesis through controlled observations.

The standard used for comparison in an experiment.

Elements that are kept the same throughout an experiment to ensure valid results.

The study of living organisms and their interactions.

Cells in multicellular organisms are organized into tissues, organs, and systems.

Process by which green plants convert sunlight into glucose and oxygen.

Organisms that cannot produce their own food and rely on others for energy.

The process of exchanging gases with the environment, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.

Changes in the environment that provoke a response from organisms.

The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

The process of transformation in some animals, like caterpillars to butterflies.

The biological process through which living organisms produce new individuals.

An experiment is valid if repeated results match original findings.

The variable that is controlled or changed to test effects on the dependent variable.

The variable being observed that depends on the independent variable.

Testing different soil types to observe grass growth is the experimental setup.

Facts are observable truths; theories explain those facts, like evolution by natural selection.

Preventing contamination from food/drinks in a lab is vital for safety.

Tools like fire extinguishers and safety glasses protect against lab hazards.

All living things share 6 main characteristics, with cells as a fundamental unit.

The gradual change in populations over long periods, leading to new species.

A scientist who studies living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

Concept that all living things are different yet share basic characteristics.

The study of cells, their structure and function.

First animals, typically single-celled organisms.

Non-living components of an ecosystem, such as water and soil.

Inflammation of the skin, often resulting in redness or rash.

An inflammation of the brain, often caused by infection.

A large immune cell that engulfs harmful pathogens and debris.

Severe pain along a nerve, often due to nerve damage or irritation.

The study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

A wheel-shaped device that controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.

Fine adjustment allows for precise focusing; coarse adjustment is for larger focusing changes.

The size of the field seen through a microscope at high power is 0.5 mm.

The size of the field seen through a microscope at medium power is 2 mm.

The size of the field seen through a microscope at low power is 5 mm.

To find the size of an object, multiply the fraction of the field it covers by the field size.

Magnification = size of drawing / actual size.

To find the organism's size covered in the field, convert mm to micrometres (1 mm = 1000 µm).

If a 10 cm drawing represents an object, the drawing magnification can be calculated accordingly.

If an organism fits 14 times in a low power field, divide the field diameter by 14 for its size.