Introduction to Biology

The study of life, encompassing living organisms' form, structure, development, functions, inheritance, and relationships with each other and their environment.

Science focused on studying animals, both living and extinct.

Science dedicated to the study of plants, both living and extinct.

A classification system that categorized living organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Organisms characterized as single-celled and lacking a nucleus, such as bacteria.

Organisms characterized by having a nucleus and often being multicellular, including animals, plants, and fungi.

A kingdom encompassing diverse unicellular organisms, including bacteria and blue-green algae.

A kingdom containing a diverse range of eukaryotic organisms, including protozoa and algae.

A kingdom encompassing multicellular heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrition by breaking down organic matter.

A kingdom containing multicellular autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

A kingdom encompassing multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrition by consuming other organisms.

A classification system that splits the Monera kingdom into two: Eubacteria (true bacteria) and Archaea.

A group of animals that lack a vertebral column, including insects, worms, and mollusks.

A group of animals that have a vertebral column, or backbone, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

The ancient Egyptians heavily relied on human anatomy for medical practices, pioneering the experimental approach that is still crucial in modern science.

Hippocrates, often considered the father of medicine, emphasized the scientific method in medical research.

Aristotle, known as the father of life sciences, laid the foundation for classifying and organizing living organisms.

The Euphrates civilization contributed to understanding plant and animal anatomy, species classification, and developing medical practices.

Jaber bin Hayyan, a prominent figure in Islamic civilization of the Middle Ages, was famous for his contributions to plant chemistry.

Ibn Sina, a renowned academic, wrote "The Canon of Medicine", a groundbreaking work that discussed blood circulation, pulse measurement, psychiatric problems, and urinalysis.

Abu Bakr al-Razi, known as the "Father of Islamic Medicine", wrote a comprehensive medical encyclopedia used in Europe for centuries. He was a pioneer in wound stitching with thread.

The 17th century saw the development of the microscope by L. Vanhoek, which allowed him to observe sperm cells.

The 18th century saw Linnaeus, a Swedish scientist, develop the binomial nomenclature system for naming living organisms. This system forms the basis of modern classification.

Cuvier founded the science of comparative anatomy, Lamarck proposed the theory of organic evolution, and Bichat classified human tissues in the 19th century.

Schwann and Schleiden developed the cell theory, and Fleming discovered the process of cell division during the 19th century.

Hofmeister, a 19th century scientist, accurately described fertilization in plants and highlighted the principle of similarity in characteristics between different organisms.

Liebig pioneered the use of chemistry in the study of life sciences, particularly in the field of botany.

Claude Bernard laid the foundations of chemical physiology during the 19th century.

Pasteur discovered the role of bacteria in causing diseases, making significant contributions to the field of microbiology.

Darwin developed his theory of organic evolution through natural selection, explaining the diversity of life we see today.

Weismann rejected Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired traits, and conducted experiments to demonstrate that only germ cells contribute to heredity.

Mendel, known as the father of modern genetics, laid the foundation for understanding the principles of heredity, which are still crucial in modern genetics.

The 20th century saw significant advancements in using chemical and natural methods to unravel biological processes.

De Vries proposed the mutation theory during the 20th century, explaining how changes in DNA can lead to new traits.

The 20th century witnessed the blossoming of cell biology, covering various aspects of cell structure and function.

Krebs discovered the steps involved in the biochemical reactions during cell respiration, a process crucial for energy production.

Avery and his colleagues proved that DNA is the genetic material, a groundbreaking discovery that revolutionized genetics.

Morgan laid the groundwork for our understanding of genetics by explaining how inheritance works.

Watson and Crick proposed the molecular structure of DNA, a double helix, which revolutionized our understanding of how genetic information is stored.

Smith discovered animal parasites that cause diseases, contributing to our understanding of parasitic infections.